Judge v. US
Decision Date | 30 May 1991 |
Docket Number | No. 90-392.,90-392. |
Citation | 599 A.2d 417 |
Parties | Mark A. JUDGE, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES, Appellee. |
Court | D.C. Court of Appeals |
Robert M. Greenspan, appointed by this court, filed a brief, for appellant.
Jay B. Stephens, U.S. Atty., and John R. Fisher, Roy W. McLeese III, Carol A. Fortine, and Kristan Peters-Hamlin, Asst. U.S. Attys., filed a brief, for appellee.
Before STEADMAN and WAGNER, Associate Judges, and GALLAGHER, Senior Judge.
Appellant was convicted of distribution of cocaine, in violation of D.C.Code § 33-541(a)(1) (1989). He was sentenced to twenty months to five years imprisonment. Appellant contends the trial court committed reversible error in telling the prosecutor to turn over Jencks Act1 material in the presence of the jury and commenting on the material. Appellant further alleges that there was insufficient evidence to prove that he possessed a usable amount of cocaine and that the aiding and abetting instruction was improper. We find no merit to the errors alleged and accordingly affirm.
The government's evidence showed that Officer Renee Davis was operating undercover on June 4, 1989, when she approached a woman near First and Kennedy Streets, N.W., who was apparently selling cocaine. Appellant soon thereafter joined them and asked Davis to meet him a block away where he instructed co-defendant Newsome to give her a rock of cocaine which Davis purchased with $20 of prerecorded funds. An arrest team consisting of Sergeant Greenfield and Officer Sinclair responded to Davis' broadcast of descriptions of appellant and his cohorts. Sinclair stopped appellant first and then ordered Newsome to stop and come back. Sinclair saw Newsome drop a brown bag as Newsome walked towards him. Sinclair recovered the bag and discovered that it contained a white rock substance that field-tested positive as cocaine. A search of Newsome revealed that he had $50 on his person, of which $20 was the bill Davis had used to purchase cocaine.
The first alleged error occurred as defense counsel began his cross-examination of Officer Sinclair. His second and third questions were:
A bench conference was held and the prosecution informed the court that it had not turned the reports over and the court ordered them to be turned over. Defense counsel moved for a mistrial on the basis of the court's statement. That prompted the court to make the following statement to the jury:
Appellant argues these actions constituted per se reversible error, citing Johnson v. United States, 121 U.S.App. D.C. 19, 347 F.2d 803 (1965), and Gregory v. United States, 125 U.S.App.D.C. 140, 369 F.2d 185 (1966), aff'd after trial, 133 U.S.App.D.C. 317, 410 F.2d 1016, cert. denied, 396 U.S. 865, 90 S.Ct. 143, 24 L.Ed.2d 119 (1969). However, as the government correctly argues, neither case stands for that proposition. Indeed, to the contrary, we have applied harmless error analysis to discussions before the jury of the Jencks requirement. Washington v. United States, 397 A.2d 946, 951 (D.C.1979).
We fail to see how appellant can fairly claim prejudice. The jury was already aware of the existence of prior reports by appellant's own questioning. The remarks of the trial court were brief and straight-forward and indicated that the government, not appellant, was at fault. An inference that such reports bolstered Sinclair's testimony as prior consistent statements would represent sophisticated speculation by the jury absent any prosecutorial argument to this effect. Moreover, the testimony of Sinclair, the arresting officer, was at best tangential to the distribution to Davis of which appellant was convicted. We find any error harmless. Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946).
Appellant further contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he possessed a usable amount of cocaine. The evidence at trial was that the substance sold to Davis weighed 187 milligrams and was 91% cocaine. The government's expert testified that the cocaine was a usable amount to be ingested in the normal fashion and that "this amount would go for about $20 on the street." In Wishop v. United States, 531 A.2d 1005 (D.C.1987), this court stated that "the fact that a drug is measurable—i.e., capable of quantitative analysis—will usually suffice to prove it is usable." 531 A.2d at 1008. The evidence presented at trial was thus sufficient to prove the drug usable. See Davis v. United States, 590 A.2d 1036 (D.C.1991) ( ).
Appellant argues, nonetheless, that proof of usability requires proof that the amount was sufficient "to have a pharmacological effect on the user,"2 citing Singley v. United States, 533 A.2d 245, 247 (D.C.1987). However, as we noted in Davis v. United States, supra, distinguishing Singley, that case involved a chemical analysis which stated only that the material analyzed contained a "small amount" of heroin. The expert had testified that in his opinion a powder containing only "trace amounts" would not be usable, and that he did not know whether in a report of chemical analysis, "small amounts" differed from "trace amounts." In Singley, we cited Edelin v. United States, 227 A.2d 395, 399 (D.C.1967), which also involved traces and where we noted that there was "no additional proof" of its usability as a narcotic. Likewise, in Singley, we concluded...
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Thomas v. US
...testimony); Gray v. United States, 600 A.2d 367 (D.C.App.1991) (27.8 milligrams of cocaine plus expert testimony); Judge v. United States, 599 A.2d 417 (D.C.1991) (187 milligrams of which 91% was cocaine plus expert testimony); Davis v. United States, 590 A.2d 1036 (D.C. 1991) (144 milligra......
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Thomas v. US
...fact that a drug is measurable—i.e., capable of quantitative analysis—will usually suffice to prove it is usable.'" Judge v. United States, 599 A.2d 417, 419-20 (D.C.1991) (quoting Wishop v. United States, 531 A.2d 1005, 1008 (D.C. In previous cases, this court has found the government's ca......
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Lowman v. US
...was a principal involved, regardless of whether the defendant is charged as a principal or an aider and abettor.7 Judge v. United States, 599 A.2d 417, 420 (D.C.1991); Stewart v. United States, 439 A.2d 461, 463 (D.C.1981); cf. 22 D.C.Code § 22-105 (Repl.1989); Davis v. United States, 498 A......
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BARNES v. U.S.
...testimony specifically about narcotic effect in a case such as this has been laid to rest by our recent decisions. In Judge v. United States, 599 A.2d 417 (D.C. 1991), we Appellant argues, nonetheless, that proof of usability requires proof that the amount was sufficient "to have a pharmaco......