Kaggen v. I.R.S.

• Decision Date: 29 November 1995
• Docket Number: D,No. 1152,1152
• Parties: -7777, 64 USLW 2364, 95-2 USTC P 50,635, 43 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 78 Elias KAGGEN and Rio A. Sferrazza, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE and United States of America, Defendants-Appellees. ocket 94-6183.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Page 1018

71 F.3d 1018

76 A.F.T.R.2d 95-7777, 64 USLW 2364,

95-2 USTC P 50,635,

43 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 78

Elias KAGGEN and Rio A. Sferrazza, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE and United States of America,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 1152, Docket 94-6183.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued March 20, 1995.

Decided Nov. 29, 1995.

David H. Singer, New York City, Thomas A. Lopresti, Smithtown, New York, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Loretta C. Argrett, Gary B. Allen, Washington, DC (U.S. Department of Justice) Zachary W. Carter, Brooklyn, New York, for Defendants-Appellees.

Before: McLAUGHLIN and JACOBS, Circuit Judges, and KAUFMAN, District Judge. ¹

FRANK A. KAUFMAN, District Judge:

I

On June 6, 1995, this Court affirmed the judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Spatt, J.), granting to defendants summary judgment. Kaggen v. I.R.S., 57 F.3d 163, 165 (2d Cir.1995). Plaintiff taxpayers sought thereafter a rehearing which this Court has granted. After such rehearing, this Court hereby reconfirms its earlier decision.

This case concerns the propriety of an Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") levy against taxpayers' bank accounts to satisfy a tax deficiency. The issue is whether notice given to taxpayers that funds had been seized complied with 26 U.S.C. Sec. 6335(a). If not, argue plaintiff taxpayers, the levy was not completed before the statute of limitations lapsed, so that the IRS was time-barred from collecting the deficiency.

We held that sufficient notice had been given. Kaggen, 57 F.3d at 165. In so holding, we observed that "depositors are sent monthly bank statements by banks," id., which statements, in this case, would have alerted the taxpayers that their bank accounts had been levied upon by the IRS well before the limitations period for effecting a seizure of those funds had run. Taxpayers promptly petitioned for rehearing, arguing that we had improperly taken judicial notice of facts not in the record--that depositors receive monthly bank statements--without giving taxpayers an opportunity to be heard, as required under the Federal Rules of Evidence. See Fed.R.Evid. 201. We granted the petition for rehearing, and requested letter briefs from the parties. Having received and reviewed those letter briefs, we see no reason to disturb our first decision.

II

This Court may appropriately take judicial notice of the fact that banks send customers monthly bank statements, and so doing, continues to conclude that taxpayers' receipt of those statements, in conjunction with receipt of the notices of levy, provided taxpayers all notice required by Sec. 6335(a).

In their letter brief, taxpayers state that the Court took judicial notice of the following facts:

1. In the normal course of events all of us know that depositors are sent monthly bank statements by banks;

2. The taxpayers did receive from the two banks notices of the levies in question and that the levies had been honored.

3. Taxpayers did in fact and effect learn from their banks of the levies and of the honoring of each of the same; thus the taxpayers were informed by the banks that their funds at the said banks had been seized.

However, not all the above facts were judicially noticed. As taxpayers state in their letter brief at 3, taxpayers received notices of levy from all three banks concerning both accounts. Thus, the only facts this Court judicially noticed were that 1) banks send customers monthly bank statements, and 2) those statements tell customers to whom their money was paid and in what amounts. Thus, there are two issues relating to judicial notice presently before this Court: 1) whether it was proper for the Court to take judicial notice of those facts, and 2) whether, after judicially noticing those facts, it was proper for the Court to conclude that taxpayers received the notice required by Sec. 6335(a).

Concerning that first issue, we note that Federal Rule of Evidence 201 states:

A judicially noticed fact must be one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either (1) generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.

Two commentators paraphrase the rule as follows:

In order to take judicial notice under Rule 201, the court must find that the fact is either "generally known" or ascertainable from a source whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned; in either case, the court must also find that the fact is not reasonable [sic] subject to dispute."

21 C. Wright and K. Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence Sec. 5109 at 519-20 (1977). That banks send customers monthly statements which inform customers to whom their money was paid and in what amounts is not reasonably subject to dispute, as highlighted by taxpayers' failure to argue that their banks, in fact, do not send their customers such statements. Moreover, those facts are generally known, as also highlighted by taxpayers' failure to argue that banks do not generally send such statements to customers. Thus, in their letter brief, taxpayers were "entitled to contest either the propriety of taking notice or the correctness of the fact to be noticed or both." Id. at 519. As noted above, taxpayers did not contest the correctness of the facts noticed. Commenting with respect to the rationale behind Federal Rule of Evidence 201 this Court has previously noted: "Judges are not necessarily to be ignorant in Court of what every one else, and they themselves out of Court, are familiar with." U.S. v. Ricciardi, 357 F.2d 91, 97 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 384 U.S. 942, 86 S.Ct. 1464, 16 L.Ed.2d 840, and cert denied, 385 U.S. 814, 87 S.Ct. 35, 17 L.Ed.2d 55 (1966) (quoting Lumley v. Gye, 2 El. & Bl. 216, 267 (Q.B.1853) (Coleridge, J.)). In Ricciardi, defendants had been indicted under a statute which made it unlawful for a labor representative of an employee employed in an industry affecting commerce to demand payment from the employee's employer. Industry affecting commerce was defined in part as "any industry or activity ... in which a labor dispute would burden or obstruct commerce or tend to burden or obstruct commerce." Id. at 94. Defendants argued that the employees whom they represented were not employed in an industry affecting commerce, and therefore the federal court lacked jurisdiction to decide the action. Judge Moore disagreed, relying on the fact that the record in Ricciardi indicated that the defendants represented employees who were responsible for servicing the heating systems in 5,500 apartment buildings in the City of New York, and that the fuel used in the buildings came from outside the State of New York. The record did not indicate the dollar volume of the fuel consumed in the apartment buildings or the effect a strike or slow-down by the employees would have on the amount of fuel purchased for the buildings. From this record, Judge Moore concluded that the Court was able to "take judicial notice that a labor dispute involving the apartment buildings would have a palpable effect on interstate commerce." Id. at 97. Likewise, while the record in the instant case does not indicate that taxpayers received a bank statement or what information the three banks levied upon include in their bank statements, this Court may appropriately take judicial notice of the fact that banks do send monthly statements to customers and that those statements tell customers to whom their money was paid and in what amounts.

This Court has also previously applied the doctrine of judicial notice in a case concerning banking. In U.S. v. Mauro, 501 F.2d 45 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 969, 95 S.Ct. 235, 42 L.Ed.2d 186 (1974), defendant was charged with conspiracy to violate a statute which made it unlawful to knowingly receive property of "any member bank of the Federal Reserve System, and any bank ... organized or operating under the laws of the United States, and any bank the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation [FDIC]." Id. at 48. The defendant argued that he did not know that the First National City Bank, whose cashier's checks he was charged with stealing, was insured by the FDIC. Therefore, he could not be convicted for violating the aforementioned statute. The government conceded that it had not offered either evidence that defendant knew the First National City Bank was insured by the FDIC or evidence that the bank was a national bank. However, Judge Mulligan noted that it was "unlawful to use the word 'national' in the name of any banking institution not organized or operating under the laws of the United States" and that "persons joining to establish a national bank must include the word 'national' in its name." Id. at 49-50. On the basis of those facts, Judge Mulligan then took judicial notice of the fact that the First National City Bank was a national bank. Furthermore, he concluded that defendant knew it was a national bank because he knew the word 'national' was included in its name.

Courts in general have long taken judicial notice of facts of common knowledge relating to banks and banking procedure. 29 C.J.S. Evidence Sec. 29 (1964). See, e.g., Texas & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Pottorff, 291 U.S. 245, 254 n. 4, 54 S.Ct. 416, 417 n. 4, 78 L.Ed. 777 (1933), amended on other grounds, 291 U.S. 649, 54 S.Ct. 525, 78 L.Ed. 777 (1934) (court took judicial notice of reports of the Comptroller of the Currency of the United States and of various treatises, textbooks and other publications on banking; stated that none of these sources mentioned securing a private deposit in a national bank by a pledge of assets; concluded that such a practice was contrary to good banking practice); U.S. v. Wilson, 436 F.2d 122, 124-25 n. 3 (3d Cir.1971) (judicial notice taken of "fact that banks stamp and perforate checks "p-a-i-d" w...