Kanzelberger v. Kanzelberger, s. 85-2118

Citation782 F.2d 774
Decision Date31 January 1986
Docket NumberNos. 85-2118,85-2179,s. 85-2118
PartiesJames C. KANZELBERGER and Contemporary, Inc., Plaintiffs-Appellees, Cross- Appellants, v. Warren F. KANZELBERGER and Geraldine G. Kanzelberger, Defendants-Appellants, Cross-Appellees, and William J. Deau, Defendant.
CourtUnited States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (7th Circuit)

Jeffrey B. Lieberman, Schuyler, Roche & Zwirner, Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellants, cross-appellees.

Michael K. Brandwein, D'Ancona & Pflaum, Chicago, Ill., for plaintiffs-appellees, cross-appellants.

Before CUMMINGS, Chief Judge, and BAUER and POSNER, Circuit Judges.

POSNER, Circuit Judge.

This is a diversity suit for breach of contract. The only question we shall have to decide is whether there was, in fact, the required diversity of citizenship.

Contemporary, Inc., a closely held corporation that makes gift items, had three shareholders: the brothers James and Warren Kanzelberger, each of whom owned 45 percent of the corporation's common stock, and William Deau, who owned 10 percent. James was the president and marketing director, Warren the executive vice-president and general manager, Deau the production manager. The brothers did not get along well, and in February 1983 the three shareholders agreed that the corporation would acquire from Warren Kanzelberger an option to buy his stock; when exercised, the option would give James control of the corporation. As part of the agreement, Warren resigned as an officer of the company, but he remained a director. James Kanzelberger and Deau were left in effective control, but they soon had a falling out, allegedly over James's dictatorial methods. In May, Deau agreed to sell his stock to Warren Kanzelberger, resigned as a director, and, pending completion of the sale of his stock, gave Warren his proxy. Warren, now in control of 55 percent of the company's stock, called a meeting of the shareholders for June 7. At this meeting he nominated, and caused to be elected, his wife Geraldine as the third director, in place of Deau; and the board then, by a vote of two to nothing (James not being in attendance), voted James Kanzelberger out of all of his offices and replaced him with Warren. James forthwith attempted to exercise the option for Contemporary to acquire Warren's stock, but Warren rebuffed him, taking the position that only Contemporary (which he now controlled) could decide whether the option would be exercised. On June 11 a directors' meeting was held at which the actions taken on June 7 were ratified by a two to nothing vote, with James abstaining.

This suit was brought on June 16 in an Illinois state court by James Kanzelberger and Contemporary, Inc. The complaint identified James as an Illinois citizen and Contemporary, which is incorporated in Illinois, as an Illinois corporation. The defendants named in the complaint, all citizens of Wisconsin, were Warren and Geraldine Kanzelberger and William Deau. On June 17 the defendants filed a petition in a federal district court in Illinois to remove the case from state to federal court. The petition alleged that Contemporary was incorporated in Illinois and had its principal place of business there. The plaintiffs did not move to remand the case to the state court, as they could have done if they had thought removal improper. See 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1447(c). The case was tried and a judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiffs, which among other things ordered specific performance of the option contract; the effect of compliance with this order would be to restore James to his position as president of Contemporary and indeed to give him control of the company. The defendants have appealed. The plaintiffs have cross-appealed, complaining that the judge should have given them additional damages.

At no point in this lawsuit has any party, or the district judge, questioned the existence of federal jurisdiction. But we did, at oral argument, and the helpful responses of counsel to our questions have enabled us to resolve the issue of jurisdiction without having to remand the case for further proceedings.

The only basis on which the defendants could have removed this case to federal court was that the parties were citizens of different states and the defendants were not citizens of the state where the suit was brought (Illinois). 28 U.S.C. Secs. 1441(a), (b). The second requirement is satisfied but not the first. James Kanzelberger is a citizen of Illinois, and Warren and Geraldine Kanzelberger and William Deau are citizens of Wisconsin. The question concerns the other plaintiff, Contemporary, Inc. If on June 16 or June 17 it was a citizen of Wisconsin rather than Illinois, complete diversity of citizenship was lacking and the district court had no jurisdiction. Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 267, 2 L.Ed. 435 (1806). (With an immaterial exception, the required diversity must exist both when the suit is filed--as the statute itself makes clear, see 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1441(a)--and when it is removed, see 14A Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure Sec. 3723, at pp. 312-14 (2d ed. 1985). But nothing relevant happened between June 16 and June 17.) A corporation is a citizen of any state in which it is incorporated and of the state in which it has its principal place of business. 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1332(c). The removal petition alleged that Contemporary was both incorporated in and had its principal place of business in Illinois. Ordinarily when a jurisdictional allegation is proper in form and not denied, the district court is not obliged to inquire into its truth. Casio, Inc. v. S.M. & R. Co., 755 F.2d 528, 530 (7th Cir.1985). But since federal jurisdiction cannot be conferred by consent of the parties, if the facts place the district court on notice that the jurisdictional allegation probably is false, the court is duty-bound to demand proof of its truth. Otherwise it is closing its eyes to an effort to confer jurisdiction collusively.

Even when there is no collusion (and we do not suggest that there was here), the federal courts are obliged to police the constitutional and statutory limitations on their jurisdiction. That is why, even at the appellate level, the court must satisfy itself that there is federal jurisdiction over the case. See, e.g., Indiana Port Comm'n v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 702 F.2d 107, 109 (7th Cir.1983); Giannakos v. M/V Bravo Trader, 762 F.2d 1295, 1297 (5th Cir.1985) (per curiam). In Freeman v. Northwest Acceptance Corp., 754 F.2d 553, 555 (5th Cir.1985), the court of appeals raised the issue of jurisdiction on its own initiative, searched the record for evidence pertaining to the existence of diversity, found "a likely absence of complete diversity," and remanded for a factual determination on the question. In Bialac v. Harsh Building Co., 463 F.2d 1185 (9th Cir.1972) (per curiam), the court ordered the case dismissed rather than remanded, because there was no doubt of the lack of jurisdiction. Although the parties had stipulated that one of the defendants had its principal place of business in Oregon, "the evidence showed that really the only business activity of [that defendant] is owning and operating the Phoenix [Arizona] apartment complex which is the subject of this suit. Two of the plaintiffs are citizens of Arizona. Thus, we find at least one citizen of Arizona on each side of the case." Id. at 1186. The present case, as we shall see, is materially identical.

We do not suggest that the district court or this court must always or even often conduct an inquest on jurisdiction; but certainly if deficiencies in the pleadings, or facts brought out in pretrial discovery or at trial, fairly shriek that there is no federal jurisdiction, the district judge must conduct whatever supplementary factual proceedings are necessary to resolve the doubt. Here the probable absence of complete diversity should have been apparent by the third day after the case was...

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