Karan v. CIR, 13980

• Decision Date: 26 June 1963
• Docket Number: 13981.,No. 13980,13980
• Citation: 319 F.2d 303
• Parties: Max B. KARAN and Rita Karan, His Wife, Petitioners, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Petitioner, v. ESTATE of Leo MELNIK, Deceased, Samuel Goldenberg, Executor, Respondent.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

319 F.2d 303 (1963)

Max B. KARAN and Rita Karan, His Wife, Petitioners, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Petitioner, v. ESTATE of Leo MELNIK, Deceased, Samuel Goldenberg, Executor, Respondent.

Nos. 13980, 13981.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

June 26, 1963.

George J. Laikin, Samuel Goldenberg, Joseph I. Swietlik, Sherwin C. Peltin, Milwaukee, Wis., Laikin, Jacobson & Swietlik, Milwaukee, Wis., of counsel, for Karan and Melnik.

Louis F. Oberdorfer, Asst. Atty. Gen., William A. Geoghegan, Atty., Tax Division, Lee A. Jackson, David O. Walter, Arthur I. Gould, Attys., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., for C. I. R.

Before KNOCH, CASTLE and KILEY, Circuit Judges.

KNOCH, Circuit Judge.

No. 13980. Petitioners Max B. Karan and Rita Karan, his wife,¹ brought action in the United States Tax Court to overrule portions of deficiencies determined by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, respondent, in the Karans' income taxes for the years 1954 through 1957. The petitioners had claimed, as deductions in their returns for the aforesaid years, sums paid to Leo Melnik² in connection with the termination of the partnership between Mr. Karan and Mr. Melnik.

The petitioners contend that in finding for the Commissioner the Tax Court erred in (1) failing to make certain findings of fact required by the evidence, (2) making other findings of fact unsupported by the evidence, (3) failing to apply the pertinent law, and (4) admitting incompetent evidence.

In 1932 Messrs. Karan and Melnik formed the partnership of Melnik and Karan, Certified Public Accountants, to share work load and profits equally, each to continue to service separately his own prior accounts.

In 1954, the partners retained Samuel Goldenberg, attorney, to prepare an agreement for dissolution of the partnership. A great deal of evidence was adduced to support Mr. Karan's contention that time devoted by Mr. Melnik to his personal investments and increasing disagreement among Mr. Melnik, Mr. Karan, and their employees, made the continuance of the partnership a burden to Mr. Karan, and that this burden constituted his motive for seeking dissolution of the partnership.

May 5, 1954, both partners signed an agreement whereby Mr. Melnik assigned, to Mr. Karan, Mr. Melnik's interest in the partnership. The furniture and equipment was to be divided between them. Each was to receive one-half the accounts receivable as collected for work commenced prior to July 1, 1954, but not completed as of that date. The bank account in the partnership name was to be maintained for such fees. Mr. Melnik could enforce payment of accounts receivable remaining unpaid on July 1, 1955. The payment for labor, travel, etc., on such work as had to be completed after July 1, 1954, was to come out of the partnership funds.

Mr. Karan paid Mr. Melnik $30,000, evidenced by a promissory note which provided for monthly payments of $750 from August 1, 1954, through November 1, 1957. The agreement made no provision for acceleration of payments or for interest, but the note (Exhibit 2) provides for 6% interest after maturity payable monthly on the principal remaining from time to time unpaid.

Mr. Melnik was prohibited from soliciting or accepting employment from any of the 88 listed clients of the partnership. Nothing was said in the agreement about "good will."

There were other provisions which we need not set out here.

Later in 1954, one of the 88 listed partnership accounts declined to be served by Mr. Karan and was transferred to Mr. Melnik. An allowance of $750 was made in the agreed payment of $30,000. The Tax Court found that the consideration of $30,000 was based on an approximation of 70% of the average annual fees earned by the partnership and that the consideration for the transfer of the one account mentioned was similarly computed.

After July 1, 1954, collections from outstanding receivables over a period of about two years were deposited in the bank account maintained in the partnership name, out of which equal payments were made to Mr. Melnik and Mr. Karan. A legal fee in 1955 for enforcement of such collection was paid from the partnership funds.

Mr. Melnik reported $9,000 in 1956 and $8,200 in 1957 as long term gains from sale of a partnership interest. The Commissioner considered these sums taxable as ordinary income. Mr. Karan claimed deductions for the sums paid Mr. Melnik. There is an unexplained discrepancy between the deductions and the gains reported by Mr. Melnik which is immaterial here. The Commissioner disallowed the deductions as payments to Mr. Melnik for his interest in the partnership good will.

In a prior opinion³ the Tax Court had found that the effect of the May, 1954 agreement was the sale of Mr. Melnik's interest in the good will of the partnership as of July 1, 1954, to Mr. Karan (who was not a party to that proceeding). The sums received by Mr. Melnik from Mr. Karan in 1954 and 1955 were held to be taxable as long-term capital gains. The Tax Court came to the same conclusion respecting the sums received in 1956 and 1957.

The Tax Court assumed that personal differences between the partners were a strong motive for termination of the partnership. However, the Tax Court did not accept the petitioners' conclusions from that fact. Mr. Karan contended that, because of the diminishing time which Mr. Melnik devoted to the accounting practice (from which he nevertheless received half the profits) and his difficulties with employees and clients, Mr. Karan was obliged to extricate himself from an onerous and burdensome relationship by paying Mr. Melnik, in effect, not to work in the office, not to interfere with the clientele of the partnership. Mr. Karan argues that these payments constituted ordinary and necessary business expenses analogous to payments made to someone not to compete. The agreement did provide that as of July 1, 1954, Mr. Karan would discontinue the use of the name "Melnik and Karan" as a firm name, and that Mr. Melnik would not use the name "Melnik and Karan."

The Tax Court was impressed (as we are) by the fact that out of his own individual funds, Mr. Karan did purchase (for $30,000) Mr. Melnik's interest in the partnership good will, an interest represented by the listing of 88 clients, an asset of value continuing over several years. By October 31, 1957, only 28 of the 88 were no longer clients, and at the time of the trial in the Tax Court in September, 1961, only an additional ten had ceased to be clients. Mr. Karan contends that by considering the source of the purchase funds, the Tax Court was placing more reliance on the form rather than on the substance of the transaction. We do not agree.

Mr. Karan argued at length that the evidence proved the greater number (by far) of the partnership's 88 clients, (including the clients who represented the sources of the largest fees) were developed by him and were served by him either alone or with the aid of a partnership employee; and that Mr. Melnik did very little of the work of the partnership. On this basis, he contends that no good will existed for him to purchase from his partner. Good will has been defined as the probability that "old customers will resort to the old place" without contractual compulsion. Brooks v. C. I. R., 36 T.C. 1128, 1133 (1961). The Tax Court was not satisfied that this good will of the partnership was solely due to Mr. Karan's own personal qualifications.

This Court will give primary consideration to the conclusions drawn by the Tax Court which was the trier of the facts. Our own review of the record before us leaves us with the conviction that the Tax Court has committed no mistake here. We find substantial support for the findings of fact and for the conclusions of law drawn from them. Universal Castings Corp. v. C. I. R., 7 Cir., 1962, 303 F.2d 620, 626; Northwestern Terra Cotta Corp. v. C. I. R., 7 Cir., 1961, 295 F.2d 522.

The terms of the agreement respecting future competition were in the nature of precautionary provisions looking to the future, and were not severable from the sale of the good will, so that no part of...