Kashi v. Gratsos

• Decision Date: 10 March 1989
• Docket Number: No. 80 Civ. 6642 (KTD).,80 Civ. 6642 (KTD).
• Citation: 712 F. Supp. 23
• Parties: Habibollah Haj Mohammad Hossein KASHI and Ashka B.M.M., Plaintiffs, v. Constantine G. GRATSOS, Theodore Graino, Wilbur A. Stile, David Friedmann, Gregory J. Roman, Carl Wischmann, Standard Grains (Canada) Ltd., Standard Grains, Inc., Standard Metropolitan Shipping Corporation, Theodore Graino & Co., Inc., in personam, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Southern District of New York

712 F. Supp. 23

Habibollah Haj Mohammad Hossein KASHI and Ashka B.M.M., Plaintiffs, v. Constantine G. GRATSOS, Theodore Graino, Wilbur A. Stile, David Friedmann, Gregory J. Roman, Carl Wischmann, Standard Grains (Canada) Ltd., Standard Grains, Inc., Standard Metropolitan Shipping Corporation, Theodore Graino & Co., Inc., in personam, Defendants.

No. 80 Civ. 6642 (KTD).

United States District Court, S.D. New York.

March 10, 1989.

Proskauer Rose Goetz & Mendelsohn, New York City, for plaintiffs; James Schreiber, of counsel.

Holtzmann, Wise & Shepard, New York City, for Victory Carriers, Inc.; David R. Foley, Kathy Dutton Helmer, of counsel.

Whitman & Ransom, New York City, for the Estate of Constantine G. Gratsos; Gary P. Rosenthal, of counsel.

MEMORANDUM & ORDER

KEVIN THOMAS DUFFY, District Judge:

Plaintiffs Habibollah Haj Mohammad Hossein Kashi and Ashka B.M.M. (jointly "Kashi") move pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 69(a), various sections of the New York Debtor and Creditor Law, New York Civil Practice Law and Rules, and this court's inherent power for an order directing Anastasia S. Gratsos and Victory Carriers, Inc. ("Victory"), to turn over certain monies to Kashi in satisfaction of a judgment entered by this court against the deceased defendant Constantine G. Gratsos ("Gratsos"). Gratsos' estate and Victory oppose Kashi's motion and Gratsos' estate moves pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 for sanctions to cover the costs of opposing this motion. For the following reasons, Kashi's motion is denied at this time and Gratsos' estates' motion for sanctions is denied.

FACTS

On November 24, 1980, Kashi commenced an action in this court to recover damages caused by the fraud of Gratsos and others. At that time, Gratsos was 79 years old and employed as the President of the Board of Directors of Victory. He and his wife, Anastasia Gratsos, maintained a rented apartment at 203 East 72nd Street in New York City ("the apartment"). Anastasia Gratsos (by her maiden name "Asta Sellin") and Gratsos are listed on the lease as occupants of the apartment. A corporation called Metropolitan Associates is named as the lessee. The rent for the apartment was paid by Gratsos, beginning at a time prior to his marriage to Anastasia Gratsos, through money orders purchased in the name of Metropolitan Associates.

In June 1981 Gratsos resigned from Victory at the request of its Board of Directors. Upon his resignation, the Board of Directors of Victory resolved to pay Gratsos retirement benefits of $10,000 per year for the rest of his life and, if his wife should survive him, to pay her $50,000 per year for the rest of her life. That resolution was memorialized in a contract with Gratsos ("the Pension Agreement"). Gratsos would otherwise have received no pension from Victory as he was not eligible to participate in Victory's retirement plan.

Gratsos died on September 2, 1981. His wife became Administratrix of his estate. Some time near Gratsos' death the apartment became available for purchase as a co-operative. Anastasia Gratsos bought the apartment at the discounted insider price and resold it for a profit of approximately $57,000. Her agreement to sell the co-operative apartment was entered into on June 14, 1982, and consummated on September 27, 1982.

On December 1987 the Kashi action, after a trial and appeal, resulted in entry of a final judgment holding Gratsos and others jointly and severally liable to Kashi ("Kashi's judgment"). In the course of deciding the appeal, the Second Circuit decided to pierce the corporate veil of defendant Standard Metropolitan Shipping Corp. ("SMSC"), of which Gratsos was a principal, and to hold Gratsos liable for the full extent of Kashi's losses. Kashi v. Gratsos, 790 F.2d 1050, 1056-57, 1054-55 (2d Cir.1986). Approximately $1.5 million of that judgment remains unsatisfied.

DISCUSSION

Kashi's motion in this court to enforce his judgment against Gratsos' estate, which is currently under the jurisdiction of the New York Surrogate's Court, raises questions of both jurisdiction and procedure. For the reasons that follow, this court's jurisdiction to issue orders to enforce its money judgments is not limited by New York's procedural requirement that a judgment creditor of a deceased judgment debtor obtain permission of the surrogate prior to execution of the judgment. Thus, if the property named by Kashi is properly included in Gratsos' estate, this court may issue appropriate orders to enforce its judgment against that property after making the creditor priority determinations usually made by the Surrogate's Court under the New York Estates, Powers and Trusts Law.

A. Jurisdiction to Issue Orders in Support of Kashi Judgment

The Gratsos' estate, appearing on behalf of Administratrix Anastasia Gratsos, and Victory assert that this court does not have the jurisdiction to enforce Kashi's judgment without first obtaining leave from the New York Surrogate's Court that administers the estate.

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 69(a) provides:

Process to enforce a judgment for the payment of money shall be a writ of execution, unless the court directs otherwise. The procedure on execution, in proceedings supplementary to and in aid of a judgment, and in proceedings on and in aid of execution shall be in accordance with the practice and procedure of the state in which the district court is held, ... except that any statute of the United States governs to the extent that it is applicable.

This rule does no more than establish a system of procedure for federal district courts. Neither this rule nor state law create or withdraw the district court's jurisdiction to enforce its judgment. See Argento v. Village of Melrose Park, 838 F.2d 1483, 1487 (7th Cir.1988); Duchek v. Jacobi, 646 F.2d 415, 417-19 (9th Cir.1981); Gregris v. Edberg, 645 F.Supp. 1153, 1157 (W.D.Pa.1986), aff'd, 826 F.2d 1055 (3rd Cir.1987); Cunard Line Ltd. v. Abney, 540 F.Supp. 657, 664 (S.D.N.Y.1982). A federal district court's jurisdiction to enforce its judgments by conducting supplemental proceedings and issuing orders is an inherent and "long recognized" authority. Argento, 838 F.2d at 1487. Indeed, the federal district court's enforcement jurisdiction includes the authority to issue orders that affect individuals that were not parties to the original action. Clarkson Co. Ltd. v. Shaheen, 544 F.Supp. 117, 120 n. 1 (S.D.N. Y.1982), aff'd, 716 F.2d 126 (2d Cir.1983).

State procedural law may impose some limitations on a federal district court's jurisdiction to enforce its judgments. Among such state law limitations are those that determine "the type of property which can be subject to execution." Marshak v. Green, 746 F.2d 927, 930 (2d Cir.1984) (citations omitted). A federal district court's jurisdiction, however, is not limited by state procedural laws that, when read literally, indicate that only a specific state court may hold enforcement proceedings. Duchek, 646 F.2d at 417.

New York's procedural law that requires a judgment creditor to obtain permission of the Surrogate's Court prior to enforcing a judgment against the estate of a deceased judgment debtor does not limit a federal district court's jurisdiction to enforce its judgments. Cf. Duchek, 646 F.2d 415 (state procedural rule requiring judgment creditor to file petition with superior court of county to appraise homestead and conduct execution sale does not deprive federal court of enforcement jurisdiction). Deference to the Surrogate's Court for enforcement of a money judgment against the estate of the judgment debtor "is designed to preclude one creditor from obtaining a preference over another." Gordon v. Gordon, 110 A.D.2d 623, 625, 487 N.Y.S.2d 574, 577 (2d Dep't 1985). Given the proper information, this court can examine creditor preferences and, upon a finding that the judgment creditor of this court has priority, order appropriate execution. Indeed, this court has an obligation to issue orders to protect and effectuate its judgments. Gregris, 645 F.Supp. at 1157.

Gratsos' estate also argues that this court should not assert jurisdiction over this action because a plenary action is required to affect the assets in Anastasia Gratsos' possession. New York procedural rules, however, obviate the need for a plenary action. N.Y.Civ.Prac.L. & R. §§ 5225, 5227 (McKinney 1978); Gelbard v. Esses, 96 A.D.2d 573, 575, 465 N.Y.S.2d 264, 267 (2d Dep't 1983). This special "turnover" proceeding is therefore sufficient to resolve the parties rights in the disputed property.

B. Property Claimed by Kashi

Property that may be subject to execution in New York includes past and not yet due debts and assignable or transferable property of the judgment debtor. Marshak, 746 F.2d at 931 (citing N.Y.Civ. Prac.L. & R. § 5201 (McKinney 1978)). Kashi claims that both the profits from the purchase and sale of the apartment and the payments from Victory to Anastasia Gratsos under the Pension Agreement are property of Gratsos' estate that should be available for execution by judgment creditors. In support of these claims Kashi argues that the undisputed facts demonstrate that (1) the rights in and profits from the apartment belonged to Gratsos, as the President of Metropolitan Associates, because Metropolitan Associates is a sham corporation, owned by SMSC, whose corporate veil, like SMSC's, must be pierced, and (2) the Pension Agreement is a fraudulent conveyance as to Kashi because it represents the conveyance, without consideration, of Gratsos' right to receive payments, it occurred while...