Kastnerova v. U.S.
| Decision Date | 08 April 2004 |
| Docket Number | No. 03-14119.,03-14119. |
| Citation | 365 F.3d 980 |
| Parties | Jaroslava Lorie KASTNEROVA, Petitioner-Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America, John Ashcroft, U.S. Attorney General, United States Secretary of State, Colin Powell, Secretary, Respondents-Appellees. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit |
Bernardo Lopez (Fed. Pub. Def.), Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Kathleen M. Williams (Fed. Pub. Def.), Miami, FL, for Petitioner-Appellant.
Jeanne Marie Mullenhoff, Anne R. Schultz, Asst. U.S. Atty., Lisa T. Rubio, Miami, FL, for Respondents-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.
Before BLACK, BARKETT and STAHL*, Circuit Judges.
Appellant Jaroslava Lorie Kastnerova filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus contesting a magistrate judge's issuance of a certificate that permits Kastnerova's extradition to the Czech Republic. The district court denied the petition, concluding that (1) a valid extradition treaty exists between the Czech Republic and the United States, and (2) there was sufficient evidence warranting the magistrate's finding that reasonable grounds exist to believe Kastnerova guilty of the charges. Kastnerova now appeals both the substantive determinations of the district court and the narrow scope of the district court's habeas review of the magistrate's certification. We affirm the district court in all respects.
Before detailing the events leading to this appeal, it is necessary to summarize briefly the relevant history surrounding the Treaty Concerning the Mutual Extradition of Fugitive Criminals, July 2, 1925, U.S.-Czech., 44 Stat. 2367 [hereinafter, the Treaty].1 In the aftermath of World War I, Czechoslovakia was created from Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia, all subject territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Shortly thereafter, the Treaty was signed by Czechoslovakia and the United States in Prague. The Treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on March 3, 1926. Article 14 of the Treaty states:
The present Treaty shall remain in force for a period of ten years and in case neither of the High Contracting Parties shall have given notice one year before the expiration of that period of its intention to terminate the Treaty, it shall continue in force until the expiration of one year from the date on which such notice of termination shall be given by either of the High Contracting Parties.
Neither country has ever given notice of its intention to terminate the Treaty. Moreover, the Treaty continues to be included in the U.S. State Department's list of treaties in force. See Office of the Legal Advisor, U.S. Dep't of State, Treaties in Force 72 (2003).
From its founding until its dissolution in 1993, Czechoslovakia had varied types of governments, ranging from democratic to communist. After the fall of Communism in the early 1990s, the Czech lands (Bohemia and Moravia) and Slovakia agreed to go their separate ways. Thus, on January 1, 1993, in what was called the "velvet divorce" (due to the amicable nature of the separation), Czechoslovakia split to form the Czech Republic and the Republic of Slovakia.
The events leading to the extradition request at issue took place shortly after the formation of the Czech Republic. Kastnerova, then a citizen of the Czech Republic, entered into several business ventures involving fitness equipment and dietary supplements. Kastnerova subsequently immigrated to the United States.
On June 29, 2000, Judge Vladimír ech of the Regional Court of Brno in the Czech Republic issued an arrest warrant charging Kastnerova with three counts of fraud involving several million Czech koruny (CZK), in violation of § 250(1) & (4) of the Czech Criminal Code.2
The warrant alleges that, in late 1994, Kastnerova received an advance payment of 200,000 CZK from Libuše Barková, an agent of the Escade-Šeba company, for exercise equipment worth 458,730 CZK. The equipment was not delivered and the advance payment was not returned. The warrant further alleges that, on November 7, 1994, Kastnerova obtained a loan from the Chemitan company for 1,000,000 CZK for the purpose of buying fitness supplements to sell to the K-Mart company. Allegedly, this loan was secured by a pledge agreement bearing a false signature of Josef Hanus, an agent of K-Mart, Prague. Kastnerova did not repay the loan and did not deliver the goods to K-Mart. The warrant finally alleges that, in June 1995, Kastnerova failed to make a contractually required delivery of exercise equipment to Milan Belešák after having received 1,003,376.80 CZK from Alfapro, a Czech leasing company that had financed Belešák's purchase of the equipment.
On February 26, 2003, the United States government, acting on behalf of the government of the Czech Republic, filed a complaint for Kastnerova's extradition pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3184.3 A magistrate judge issued a warrant for Kastnerova to be brought before the court and subsequently conducted an extradition hearing, at which time Kastnerova explained her version of the events leading to the criminal charges filed against her in the Czech Republic. In support of extradition, the Government presented several statements from witnesses in the Czech Republic, statements from Kastnerova, and documents memorializing the subject transactions. After considering the evidence, the magistrate judge issued a certification of extraditability and order of commitment, finding, inter alia, that a valid extradition treaty exists between the United States and the Czech Republic, the charges alleged in the complaint are extraditable offenses under the treaty, and probable cause exists to believe Kastnerova committed the offenses for which extradition was sought.
Shortly thereafter, Kastnerova filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241,4 in which she argued: (1) no valid extradition treaty exists between the United States and the Czech Republic; and (2) the Government failed to demonstrate probable cause to believe that she had committed the charged offenses. The district court denied Kastnerova's petition by order entered on August 5, 2003, and this appeal followed.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. On review of a denial of a habeas petition pertaining to the issuance of a certification of extraditability, we review factual findings for clear error and questions of law de novo. See Valenzuela v. United States, 286 F.3d 1223, 1229 (11th Cir.2002).
On appeal, Kastnerova raises three arguments. First, she asserts the scope of review set out in Martin v. Warden, Atlanta Pen, 993 F.2d 824, 828 (11th Cir.1993), and applied by the district court was superceded by INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 121 S.Ct. 2271, 150 L.Ed.2d 347 (2001). Second, Kastnerova argues there is no valid extradition treaty between the United States and the Czech Republic. Finally, Kastnerova contends the district court erred in finding probable cause to believe she committed the offenses with which she is charged. We address each argument in turn.
In Martin, this Court observed that a district court's review of a magistrate judge's issuance of a certificate of extraditability is narrow. Review of the magistrate's order is limited "to determining `whether the magistrate had jurisdiction, whether the offense charged is within the treaty and, by a somewhat liberal extension, whether there was any evidence warranting the finding that there was reasonable ground to believe the accused guilty.'" 993 F.2d at 828 (quoting Fernandez v. Phillips, 268 U.S. 311, 312, 45 S.Ct. 541, 542, 69 L.Ed. 970 (1925) (Holmes, J.)).5
Kastnerova contends that this formulation of the district court's scope of review has been superceded by the Supreme Court in INS v. St. Cyr. In that case, the Supreme Court stressed that, for habeas corpus relief to be limited in any way, there must — at a minimum — be clear congressional intent to do so. 533 U.S. at 299, 121 S.Ct. at 2278-79. In Kastnerova's view, the extradition statutes do not mention habeas review, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 3181-95, and, therefore, habeas review of the issuance of a certificate of extradition cannot be limited.
This argument fails for several reasons, most importantly because St. Cyr does not stand for Kastnerova's proposition. St. Cyr addressed the following procedural question: whether the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), 110 Stat. 1214, and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), 110 Stat. 3009, affected the availability of habeas corpus jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.6 533 U.S. at 292, 121 S.Ct. at 2275. The government in St. Cyr argued that AEDPA and IIRIRA removed federal court jurisdiction over a challenge to the Attorney General's statutory construction of the 1996 acts. Id. at 297, 121 S.Ct. at 2278. The Court rejected this argument, noting that "[i]mplications from statutory text or legislative history are not sufficient to repeal habeas jurisdiction; instead, Congress must articulate specific and unambiguous statutory directives to effect a repeal." Id. at 299, 121 S.Ct. at 2278-79. It is this discussion upon which Kastnerova bases her challenge.
The above-referenced passage, however, speaks to the district court's jurisdiction to hear a habeas petition, not to the district court's scope of review once it asserts jurisdiction over a petition. Indeed, "`it is the scope of inquiry on habeas corpus that differentiates' habeas review from `judicial review.'" Id. at 312, 121 S.Ct. at 2285 (quoting Heikkila v. Barber, 345 U.S. 229, 236, 73 S.Ct. 603, 607, 97 L.Ed. 972 (1953)).
Additionally, the Supreme Court in St. Cyr favorably cited Terlinden v. Ames, 184 U.S. 270, 22 S.Ct. 484, 46 L.Ed. 534 (1902). In Terlinden, the Supreme Court recognized the limited scope of habeas...
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