Kellogg v. Thomas
| Decision Date | 07 November 1956 |
| Docket Number | No. 164,164 |
| Citation | 244 N.C. 722,94 S.E.2d 903 |
| Court | North Carolina Supreme Court |
| Parties | Howard R. KELLOGG v. Idell Andrews THOMAS and Harry Thomas. |
Hogue & Hogue and Elbert A. Brown, Wilmington, for plaintiff-appellant.
McClelland & Burney, Wilmington, for defendants-appellees.
Plaintiff's case is not that of an ordinary pedestrian crossing a highway, nor that of a workman actually at work on the road with warning signs displayed in the road for his protection. Plaintiff was a workman crossing the road under the protection of signs placed in the center of the highway 50 feet from each end of the work being done, bearing the words 'Men Working' and 'Slow, 15 Miles an Hour,' and under conditions in the protected area of 14 men working, of the ditching machine in operation making a loud noise, and of dirt thrown from the ditching machine covering a good 6 feet of the 16 feet width of the hardsurfaced portion of the highway.
Mrs. Thomas on a clear, bright morning with the sun shining was driving an automobile approaching this area of work and driving into it on a level, straight road. The extraordinary conditions on the highway ahead of her were plainly visible, and of these conditions she was required by law to take notice. Chaney v. Moore, 101 W.Va. 621, 134 S.E. 204, 47 A.L.R. 800; 5 Am.Jur., Automobiles, p. 611; 60 C.J.S., Motor Vehicles, §§ 391-392, pp. 956-957.
'It is the duty of the driver of a motor vehicle not merely to look, but to keep an outlook in the direction of travel; and he is held to the duty of seeing what he ought to have seen.' Wall v. Bain, 222 N.C. 375, 23 S.E.2d 330, 333.
G.S. § 20-140 required Mrs. Thomas at all times to drive her automobile with due caution and circumspection and at a speed or in a manner so as not to endanger or be likely to endanger any person or property, and G.S. § 20-141 made a similar requirement that she shall operate her automobile with due regard to the width, traffic and condition of the highway, and, when special hazard exists by reason of highway conditions, speed shall be decreased as may be necessary to avoid collision with any person on or entering the highway. Single tary v. Nixon, 239 N.C. 634, 80 S.E.2d 676. These statutes prescribe a standard of care, 'and the standard fixed by the Legislature is absolute.' Aldridge v. Hasty, 240 N.C. 353, 360, 82 S.E.2d 331, 338.
Regardless of statutes regulating the operation of automobiles, it was the duty of Mrs. Thomas in the operation of her automobile to exercise the care which a person of ordinary prudence would exercise under similar conditions to prevent injury to persons on the highway: that is, it was her duty in keeping a proper lookout to see and take notice of the signs advising her that the portion of the highway on which she was about to enter had men working on or near it, to blow her horn giving notice of her approach or attempt to pass the place where work was going on to any workman crossing the road apparently oblivious of her approach, and to drive at such a speed, and at all times to have her automobile under such control in view of the situation, as to avoid injuring such a workman. Henderson v. Henderson, 239 N.C. 487, 80 S.E.2d 383; Williams v. Henderson, 230 N.C. 707, 55 S.E.2d 462; Wall v. Bain, supra; Murray v. Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co., 218 N.C. 392, 401, 11 S.E.2d 326; 5 Am.Jur., Automobiles, sec. 194; 60 C.J.S., Motor Vehicles, §§ 288, 391, pp. 673, 956-957; Blashfield, Cyclopedia of Automobile Law and Practice, Vol. 2A, sec. 1571; 47 A.L.R. 807-808; Annotation 5 A.L.R.2d at pages 761-764.
G.S. § 20-174(e) requires every driver of a motor vehicle to give warning to pedestrians upon any roadway by sounding the horn when necessary. Williams v. Henderson, supra. A workman crossing a highway in an area marked by signs reading 'Men Working' is in a lawful place where he has a right to be, and consideration must be given to that fact. Certainly such workman, when apparently oblivious of danger, is entitled to a signal of approach as much as, if not more than, an ordinary pedestrian in the highway. 'A driver of a vehicle being warned by barriers, signs, or other evidences of the presence of workmen in the street must in the exercise of due care be cognizant of the fact that such workman may not constantly attend to traffic, and his conduct should be in the light of such knowledge.' Reid v. Owens, 98 Utah 50, 93 P.2d 680, 683, 126 A.L.R. 55.
The evidence tending to show that Mrs. Thomas, on a clear, bright morning and on a level, straight road, warned by signs in the highway 'Men Working' and 'Slow, 15 Miles an Hour, which it was her duty in the exercise of ordinary care to see, drove into this area at a rate of speed of 30 to 35 miles an hour, that the eyewitnesses heard her give no signal of her approach, that six feet of the highway had dirt on it from a ditching operation, that the ditching machine was making a loud noise, that 14 men were working in the area, that the plaintiff was crossing the highway apparently oblivious of her approach, and that without slackening speed she struck him with her automobile, is sufficient to carry the case to the jury against her on the ground that she was negligent, and such negligence was a proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries.
Plaintiff was employed by Henry von Oesen, who was doing the engineering work for the laying of a water main for the Town of Burgaw. His job was to run the instrument--the evidence does not show what sort of instrument it was--and his foreman read the chain. N. E. Brewer Company was ditching and laying cast iron water mains for the town within its corporate limits. A carry-all brought Oesen's engineering crew to the place protected by warning signs reading 'Men Working' and 'Slow, 15 Miles an Hour,' and parked on the shoulder of the highway opposite from the Brewer Company's ditching machine, which was in operation making a loud noise. Plaintiff got out of the carryall, which had two automobiles parked on the shoulder of the highway ahead of it, and two parked likewise behind it, went around the front of it, looked in both directions, and seeing no approaching vehicle within the last warning sign started to cross the highway toward the ditching machine. According to his testimony he had taken two steps into the highway, and according to Robert Benson's testimony he was near the center line of the highway, when an automobile driven by Mrs. Thomas at a speed of 30 to 35 miles an hour with no signals given of its approach--the eyewitnesses testified they heard no signals--collided with him. He was struck by her right front bumper, hurled into the air and down the road about 15 feet. The evidence does not disclose why plaintiff was crossing the road, and does not show whether he was carrying anything in his hands or not. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, as we are required to do on a motion for judgment of nonsuit, it would seem to be a fair inference that he was crossing the highway in the performance of the duties of his employment. If so, plaintiff was rightfully on the highway in the performance of his work.
A worker, whose duties of employment require his presence at work on a street or highway protected by warning signs of 'Men Working' and 'Slow, 15 Miles an Hour,' cannot utterly disregard the matter of his own safety. However, he occupies a different status from an ordinary pedestrian crossing a street, and this status must be considered in determining the degree of care he must exercise for his own safety, and in determining the question of contributory negligence. Because he is not required to neglect his work to escape collision with motorists not exercising reasonable care for his safety, or not obeying statutes regulating in the interests of public safety the operation of motor vehicles, he is not obliged to keep a constant lookout for approaching vehicles, and his failure to do so, does not necessarily constitute contributory negligence as a matter of law. Whether such a worker has exercised reasonable care for his own safety in view of his work and surrounding circumstances is ordinarily for the jury under proper instructions from the court. Byrd v. Galbraith, 172 Ark. 219, 288 S.W. 717; State Comp. Ins. Fund v. Scamell, 73 Cal.App. 285, 238 P. 780; Mecham v. Crump, 137 Cal.App. 200, 30 P.2d 568; Pfaff v....
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