Kelly Associates, Ltd. v. Aetna Cas. and Sur. Co.

• Decision Date: 11 July 1984
• Docket Number: No. C-2794,C-2794
• Citation: 681 S.W.2d 593
• Parties: KELLY ASSOCIATES, LTD., Petitioner, v. The AETNA CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY, Respondent.
• Court: Texas Supreme Court

Page 593

681 S.W.2d 593

44 A.L.R.4th 1185

KELLY ASSOCIATES, LTD., Petitioner, v. The AETNA CASUALTY AND SURETY COMPANY, Respondent.

No. C-2794.

Supreme Court of Texas.

July 11, 1984.

On Rehearing Oct. 31, 1984.

Bankston, McDowell & Olivier, D. Craig Olivier and John T. McDowell, Houston, for petitioner.

Fulbright & Jaworski, Osborne J. Dykes and Roger Townsend, Houston, for respondent.

McGEE, Justice.

This is a summary judgment case involving the interpretation of certain terms in a stockbroker's blanket fidelity bond. Kelly Associates, Ltd., sued its insurer, the Aetna Casualty and Surety Company, after Aetna refused payment on a claim made under Kelly's blanket bond. Both parties moved for summary judgment. The trial court denied Kelly's motion and granted Aetna's motion that Kelly take nothing by its suit. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court judgment. 662 S.W.2d 777. We reverse the judgments of the courts below.

Prior to September 25, 1981, Kelly Associates, Ltd., a limited partnership organized pursuant to the Texas Uniform Limited Partnership Act, Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 6132a (Vernon 1970), conducted business as a discount stock brokerage. The partnership consisted of two general partners and eleven limited partners. Kelly leased office spaces in Houston, Dallas, and Austin, and employed approximately 80 workers.

Kelly was insured under a stockbroker's blanket bond issued by Aetna, which protected Kelly from the misappropriations of its employees. The bond covered only those losses discovered during the policy period. The bond, issued by the insurance company, was a printed form contract which contained the following standard provision:

This bond shall be deemed terminated or cancelled as an entirety ... immediately upon the taking over of the Insured by another business entity.

On September 25, 1981, Kelly's general partners, with the authorization of the limited partners, executed a "Purchase Agreement" and "General Conveyance, Bill of Sale and Assignment", the effect of which was to transfer a good part of the assets and business of Kelly to Fidelity Brokerage Services, Inc., a Massachusetts firm.

Two months later, on November 27, 1981, Kelly discovered that a former employee had fraudulently misappropriated roughly $200,000. Kelly notified Aetna of its discovery but Aetna rejected the claim on grounds that the September 25th transaction constituted a takeover of Kelly by Fidelity, terminating the bond. The sole The contract by which Kelly undertook to sell its business to Fidelity provided for a conversion process to begin September 25th, the "Closing Date." The process was to extend through a "Closing Period" during which time Kelly's accounts were to be submitted to Fidelity for their acceptance or rejection, and was to end on the "Closing Completion Date" of June 25, 1982. The accompanying General Conveyance provided for the transfer of "All of the Subject Business of [Kelly]," all Kelly's accounts, except those rejected by Fidelity, and all of Kelly's "privileges, franchises and records." Fidelity acquired all of Kelly's furniture, fixtures, computers, records, leases, rental agreements, the right to Kelly's name, trademarks, goodwill, and some of its customer accounts.

question raised by Aetna's motion for summary judgment and Kelly's response is whether, on the November 27th discovery date, Kelly had been "taken over" within the meaning of the termination clause. The answer to this question depends upon the construction of the words "taking over."

Several indices of "doing business," however, existed on behalf of Kelly subsequent to September 25, 1981. For example, Kelly retained all preexisting expenses and liabilities. It retained entitlement to all revenues from transactions made prior to September 25th and from accounts not accepted by Fidelity. As of September 25, Kelly retained membership in the New York Stock Exchange and National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). According to Kelly, it retained 1.1 million dollars of its liquid assets after the sale, totalling some 73 percent of Kelly's book value assets as of the sale date. One of the two general partners testified that Kelly had only transferred 27 percent of its total assets to Fidelity. Kelly also retained all of its automobiles.

The Kelly limited partnership continued to operate as "Kelly Associates Ltd." after September 25, 1981, and used the same letterhead and phone number it had prior to that date. After the sale of the business, Kelly released all of its employees, many of whom began work on Fidelity's payroll, and resigned its stock exchange memberships. It is apparent from the deposition of general partner Lawrence Kelly that the partnership was, at the time of this litigation, in its winding-up stages. Although the contract provided that during the closing period, "Kelly will continue to operate the business of Kelly relating to the Accounts, subject in all respects to direction and control by [Fidelity]," this provision is not of controlling importance. This is because a subsequent provision in the contract states: "[t]he foregoing notwithstanding, ... Kelly shall be responsible for expenses and liabilities incurred, and shall be entitled to revenues (a) relating to the period prior to the Closing Period, (b) relating to any Causally Rejected Accounts, and (c) relating to all transactions effected during the period on or prior to the Closing Date." (emphasis added). Therefore, Kelly was not subject to the direction and control of Fidelity in all respects and, in particular, was not subject to Fidelity's control as to the winding-up phase of its business.

Takeover clauses such as the one in issue are standard in bankers' and brokers' bonds, but have received little scrutiny by either the courts or commentators. We have found no Texas case that has construed the words "taking over" or "takeover" in an analogous fact situation. In its ordinary meaning, "takeover" means "to assume control or possession of" or to "succeed to the management of." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2332 (1961); see also Black's Law Dictionary 1304 (5th ed. 1979). The case of National Union Fire Insurance Co. v. Young, 199 So.2d 70 (Miss.1967), involved a termination clause similar to the one at bar. A corporate takeover was found to occur where all the stock and assets of the insured corporation were transferred to another corporation. Since the right to participate in management is one of the property rights inherent in the general partners, a takeover in the corporate sense, by The interpretation of the takeover clause is a question of law for the court. See, e.g., Standard Fire Insurance Co. v. Griggs, 567 S.W.2d 60 (Tex.Civ.App.--Amarillo 1978, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Maryland Casualty Co. v. Golden Jersey Creamery, 389 S.W.2d 701 (Tex.Civ.App.--Corpus Christi 1965, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Home Insurance Company v. Enloe, 287 S.W.2d 235 (Tex.Civ.App.--Amarillo 1956, writ ref'd n.r.e.). In the instant case, the parties disagree as to the meaning of the word "takeover" in the context of the insurance policy. Kelly asserts that when the insured entity is a partnership, a takeover can only occur when the partnership is completely terminated, its partners disbanded, and its business wound up and transferred to another entity. In response, Fidelity argues that termination is not a necessary predicate to a takeover and that a takeover may occur with the sale of the partnership's business.

acquisition of a controlling number of voting shares, is not possible in a partnership.

The case of Ramsay v. Maryland American General Insurance Co., 533 S.W.2d 344 (Tex.1976), is analagous to the case at bar. In Ramsay, this court was confronted with the interpretation of a term used in an insurance policy. The parties agreed that a term used in the exclusionary clause of an insurance policy had a plain and generally accepted meaning but, as here, disagreed as to what that meaning was. This court concluded that while the term "commercial automobile" was normally unambiguous, ambiguity existed because the term was susceptible to more than one reasonable construction. We held that:

It is a settled rule that policies of insurance will be interpreted and construed liberally in favor of the insured and strictly against the insurer, and especially so when dealing with exceptions and words of limitation.... When the language of a policy is susceptible of more than one reasonable construction, the courts will apply the construction which favors the insured and permits recovery.

Id. at 349. Again, in the case of Glover v. National Insurance Underwriters, 545 S.W.2d 755 (Tex.1977), this court was faced with the interpretation of an ambiguous term used in an insurance contract. In Glover, we held that:

[W]e must adopt the construction of an exclusionary clause urged by the insured as long as that construction is not itself unreasonable, even if the construction urged by the insurer appears to be more reasonable or a more accurate reflection of the parties' intent. (citations omitted)...

[T]he plain language of an insurance policy, like that of any other contract, will be given effect when the parties' intent may be discerned from that language. But when the language of an insurance contract is ambiguous, that is, is subject to two or...