Kenney v. Floyd

• Decision Date: 30 November 2012
• Docket Number: No. 12–1631.,12–1631.
• Citation: 700 F.3d 604
• Parties: David T. KENNEY, Executor of the Estate of Liko Peter Kenney, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Gregory Willis FLOYD; Mark R. Montminy, in his individual and official capacities as Police Chief of Franconia, NH; Mark Taylor, in his individual and official capacities as Police Sergeant of Franconia, NH; Norman Bruce McKay, in his official capacity as Police Corporal of Franconia, NH, posthumously; Franconia, New Hampshire Board of Selectmen, Defendants, Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — First Circuit

700 F.3d 604

David T. KENNEY, Executor of the Estate of Liko Peter Kenney, Plaintiff, Appellant,

v.Gregory Willis FLOYD; Mark R. Montminy, in his individual and official capacities as Police Chief of Franconia, NH; Mark Taylor, in his individual and official capacities as Police Sergeant of Franconia, NH; Norman Bruce McKay, in his official capacity as Police Corporal of Franconia, NH, posthumously; Franconia, New Hampshire Board of Selectmen, Defendants, Appellees.

No. 12–1631.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Nov. 30, 2012.

Harold Burbank on brief for appellant.

Daniel J. Mullen and Ransmeier & Spellman P.C. on brief for appellees.

Before LYNCH, Chief Judge, BOUDIN, Circuit Judge, and WOODLOCK, District Judge.^*

LYNCH, Chief Judge.

In May of 2007, there were two shooting deaths, one of a civilian, Liko Kenney, and one of a police officer, Bruce McKay, following traffic stops in Franconia, New Hampshire. Kenney shot Officer McKay four times and ran over him twice with his car. Thereafter, a witness to the shooting, Gregory Floyd, approached Kenney and asked him to drop his weapon. When Kenney refused, Floyd shot and killed Kenney, fearing that Kenney might shoot Floyd or his son, who had gone to McKay's assistance.

In this civil rights action, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, David T. Kenney, ¹ the civilian victim's father and the executor of his son's estate, sued Officer McKay, the town of Franconia, and its police officials, as well as Floyd. Plaintiff appeals from a district court order granting the town and police defendants' motion for summary judgment as to all federal claims. Estate of Kenney v. Floyd, 10–CV–181–PB, 2012 WL 642810 (D.N.H. Feb. 28, 2012). We affirm.

I.

On May 11, 2007, Franconia Police Corporal Bruce McKay stopped a car driven by Liko Kenney, in which Caleb Macaulay was a passenger, for having an expired vehicle registration. Kenney had been detained by Officer McKay once before on January 26, 2003.² Plaintiff alleges that as a result of hard feelings after this 2003 incident, Kenney asked Officer McKay to call another police officer to the scene of the May 2007 stop. When McKay allegedly denied his request, Kenney drove off, without McKay's permission, towards a nearby building owned by his family.

Officer McKay quickly went back to his cruiser to pursue Kenney and accelerated past Kenney's car. Officer McKay then turned his SUV-cruiser so that it faced and blocked Kenney's car. Officer McKay then used his car to push Kenney's vehicle off to the side of the road, successfully moving it into a driveway. McKay got out of his cruiser and went to Kenney's stopped car and pepper sprayed both Kenney and Macaulay. As McKay turned back to his cruiser, Kenney drew a .45 caliber handgun and shot Officer McKay multiple times, mortally wounding him, and then drove his car over McKay. Defendant Gregory Floyd and his son witnessed the shooting and left their own vehicle to assist Officer McKay. Floyd picked up McKay's service revolver and, in an apparent effort to protect himself, his son, and Officer McKay, shot and killed Kenney.

The federal court complaint asserted that Officer McKay violated Kenney's Fourth Amendment rights by seizing him without probable cause and by employing excessive force during the second stop. The complaint also alleged that Officer McKay's supervisors and the Town of Franconia violated Kenney's Fourth Amendment rights because they were aware of Officer McKay's “proclivity for using excessive force” and failed to take appropriate remedial action.

On November 15, 2011, defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that the undisputed material facts established that no deprivation of Kenney's constitutional rights had occurred. Defendants' motion for summary judgment was based on and supported by a report from the Attorney General of New Hampshire concerning the deaths and the incident. The report summarized and assessed, inter alia, eye-witness accounts of the incident, video and audio recordings from Officer McKay's vehicle and from Franconia police dispatch, and forensic evidence collected at the scene. It concluded on the basis of this material that Officer McKay had reasonably used non-deadly physical force on Kenney, N.H.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 627:5, I, that Kenney had unlawfully used deadly force on Officer McKay, id. § 627:4, II, and that Gregory Floyd had acted justifiably. Plaintiff did not object to consideration of the report as evidence.

In opposition, plaintiff, on December 19, 2011, submitted three affidavits. None of these affidavits were from witnesses to the May 2007 traffic stops. Rather, they were affidavits from (1) Tom Nickels, a private investigator hired by the Kenney family; (2) Bradford Whipple, a retired police officer who had worked with Officer McKay; and (3) Christopher King, a journalist who covered New Hampshire civil rights cases. Each affidavit was replete with hearsay statements that others had purportedly made to affiants.

On February 28, 2012, the district court granted defendants' motion for summary judgment, concluding that plaintiff lacked sufficient evidence to prove any violation of Kenney's Fourth Amendment rights had occurred. First, as to the justification for the initial traffic stop, plaintiff failed to provide any evidence that Kenney's vehicle registration had not expired or that Officer McKay had no basis for a stop. SeeN.H.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 261:40 (making it unlawful to drive with an expired registration). Second, Officer McKay's use of non-deadly force thereafter was reasonable in light of Kenney's decision to flee from the initial traffic stop. The only evidence offered to the contrary were statements by Caleb Macaulay, Kenney's passenger, contained in the affidavit of Tom Nickels. The district court held that these statements, as recounted in the Nickels affidavit, were inadmissible hearsay, and so incapable of defeating a motion for summary judgment. See, e.g., Dávila v. Corporación De Puerto Rico Para La Difusión Pública, 498 F.3d 9, 17 (1st Cir.2007); Garside v. Osco Drug, Inc., 895 F.2d 46, 50 (1st Cir.1990). The district court also ruled that the claims for supervisory and municipal liability necessarily failed, as both required plaintiff to show a constitutional violation by Officer McKay. See, e.g., Haley v. City of Boston, 657 F.3d 39, 51 (1st Cir.2011); Seekamp v. Michaud, 109 F.3d 802, 808 (1st Cir.1997).

On March 27, 2012, plaintiff moved for reconsideration, relying again on the contents of the three affidavits and mentioning Fed.R.Civ.P. 59(e). On April 19, 2012, the district court denied plaintiff's motion, explaining that:

[M]uch of the material that the plaintiff relied on in opposition to the [defendants'] motion [for summary judgment] was not in a form that would be admissible in evidence. When I considered only the materials of evidentiary quality, they were not sufficient to withstand the defendants' summary judgment challenge. The supplemental motion [for reconsideration] presents no new evidence, and argument, no matter how forcefully presented, cannot substitute for evidence.

This timely appeal ensued.

II.

Summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). On appeal, plaintiff argues that the district court committed error in not considering portions of its evidence and in not allowing its Fed.R.Civ.P. 59(e) motion. Defendants reply that, as to each element of plaintiff's burden of proof, plaintiff's purported “facts” are either immaterial or violate the evidentiary standards for summary judgment.

We review the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo, Ayala–Sepúlveda v. Municipality of San Germán, 671 F.3d 24, 30 (1st Cir.2012), drawing all reasonable inferences in the nonmovant's favor, Lockridge v. The Univ. Of Me. Sys., 597 F.3d 464, 468 (1st Cir.2010). “As to issues on which the summary judgment target bears the ultimate burden of proof, she cannot rely on an absence of competent evidence, but must affirmatively point to specific facts that demonstrate the existence of an authentic dispute.” McCarthy v. Nw. Airlines, Inc., 56 F.3d 313, 315 (1st Cir.1995).

Under the Fourth Amendment, the initial traffic stop must have been supported by a reasonable suspicion that a traffic violation occurred. United States v. Chaney, 584 F.3d 20, 24 (1st Cir.2009); see also United States v. Chaney, 647 F.3d 401, 408 (1st Cir.2011). Reasonable suspicion is less than probable cause and more than a hunch. United States v. De Jesús–Viera, 655 F.3d 52, 58 (1st Cir.2011)cert. denied,––– U.S. ––––, 132 S.Ct. 1045, 181 L.Ed.2d 768 (2012); United States v. Wright, 582 F.3d 199, 205 (1st Cir.2009). It was undisputed that the radio transmissions from Officer McKay's cruiser establish that he called in to report a stop of Kenney, acknowledged that Kenney had a passenger, and stated that the basis for the stop was Kenney's expired vehicle registration. McKay also asked for another police unit to respond to the scene. That unit acknowledged the request for back up and started to respond. Additionally, the Attorney General's report stated that the registration on Kenney's car had expired.

Plaintiff failed to offer any evidence of a constitutional violation as to the initial stop. As the district court pointed out, plaintiff bore the burden of showing a violation and neither argued nor provided evidence that Kenney's vehicle registration was current at the time of the stop. Estate of Kenney, 2012 WL 642810, at *2. It is also noteworthy that such evidence, if it existed, would easily be available to plaintiff. Nothing in the affidavits even purported to contradict this.

Plaintiff's evidence concerning Officer McKay's decision to follow the fleeing Kenney and to conduct the second stop was also deficient. Although there were numerous fact witnesses to the second stop and the...