Key v. Robert M. Duke Ins. Agency

• Citation: 340 So.2d 781
• Parties: Pearl Evans KEY et al. v. ROBERT M. DUKE INSURANCE AGENCY et al. Alice McQUEEN v. ROBERT M. DUKE INSURANCE AGENCY et al. Henry JOHNSON v. ROBERT M. DUKE INSURANCE AGENCY et al. SC 1952, SC 1952--A and SC 1952--B.
• Decision Date: 17 December 1976
• Court: Alabama Supreme Court

Page 781

340 So.2d 781

Pearl Evans KEY et al. v. ROBERT M. DUKE INSURANCE AGENCY et al.

Alice McQUEEN v. ROBERT M. DUKE INSURANCE AGENCY et al.

Henry JOHNSON v. ROBERT M. DUKE INSURANCE AGENCY et al.

SC 1952, SC 1952--A and SC 1952--B.

Supreme Court of Alabama.

Dec. 17, 1976.

Ernest C. Hornsby, Tallassee, for appellants.

Joe A. Macon, Jr., Wetumpka, Richard B. Garrett, Montgomery, for appellees.

BLOODWORTH, Justice.

Plaintiffs appeal from a declaratory judgment for defendants. Defendants move to dismiss the appeal.

We deny defendants' motion to dismiss and reverse and remand on the merits.

Plaintiffs were injured on December 10, 1974, when the automobile in which they were passengers collided with an automobile driven by Frank Harris, an uninsured motorist. The automobile in which plaintiffs were riding was in the custody and control of Elmore Community Action Committee, Inc., (ECAC) and was driven by Charlestyne Bickley, whom ECAC employed to drive elderly and needy persons to town to buy such things as food and drugs.

Plaintiffs filed an action against ECAC, Harris, and Bickley, and against Robert M. Duke Insurance Agency, Inc., and Gulf American Fire and Casualty Company. The suit declares against Harris (the uninsured driver), Bickley (the driver of the ECAC car), and ECAC for negligence and wantonness arising out of the collision. The suit declares against Duke and Gulf for negligently failing to have uninsured motorist coverage in effect on the automobile driven by Bickley at the time of the accident. The trial court severed this question of uninsured motorist insurance coverage raised by the counts against Duke and Gulf. At trial, plaintiffs alternatively declared there was uninsured coverage by virtue of failure to reject coverage. The court ruled that Gulf had complied with Act No. 866, Acts of Alabama 1965, Vol. II, p. 1614 (Tit. 36, § 74(62a), Code of Alabama of 1940, as Recompiled 1958) and owed no duty to provide uninsured motorist coverage and that Duke was not negligent in failing to have in effect an uninsured motorist endorsement on ECAC's automobile at the time of the accident.

Motion

Duke and Gulf moved for dismissal of the appeal on the ground that the case involves multiple parties and claims, that the appeal is based on an adjudication of less than all the claims and parties, and that there has been no determination by the trial court pursuant to Rule 54(b), ARCP.

The motion to dismiss the appeal is without merit. Rule 54(b) applies to actions in which there are multiple claims or parties and in which the trial court enters judgment 'as to one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties.' It applies to actions in which 'separate trials' are ordered pursuant to Rule 42(b). Atkins, Kroll (Guam), Ltd. v. Cabrera, 277 F.2d 922 (9th Cir. 1960). It does not apply, however, to claims 'severed' from the original action.

Although the Committee Comments to the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure do not always honor the distinction between 'separate trial' and 'severance,' the distinction exists and is significant. See Committee Comments, Rules 18 and 42, ARCP. The distinction is recognized in Rule 14(a), ARCP, which provides, 'Any party may move to strike the third-party claim, or for its Severance or Separate trial.' (Emphasis supplied). The distinction is also recognized by leading treatises on civil procedure. Wright and Miller state:

'Rule 42(b) allows the court to order a separate trial of any claim, cross-claim, counterclaim, or third-party claim, or of any separate issue or of any number of claims or issues. The court may do so in furtherance of convenience or to avoid prejudice, or when separate trials will be conducive to expedition and economy. The procedure authorized by Rule 42(b) should be distinguished from severance under Rule 21. Separate trials will usually result in one judgment, but severed claims become entirely independent actions to be tried, and judgment entered thereon, independently. Unfortunately this distinction, clear enough in theory, is often obscured in practice since at times the courts talk of 'separate trial' and 'severance' interchangeably.' (Footnotes omitted.)

Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2387 (1971).

We agree with Lyons:

'First, a distinction must be drawn between the separate trial provided by Rule 42(b) and the severance contemplated by Rule 21, Misjoinder and Non-joinder of Parties. Severed claims become entirely independent actions with judgment entered independently while separate trials can lead to one judgment. See Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 2387 (1971). Rule 14, Third Party Practice, speaks of the power of severance Or separate trials and in Central of Georgia Ry. v. Riegel Textile Corp., 426 F.2d 935, 8 A.L.R.Fed. 701 (5th Cir. 1970), the Severance of a third-party claim was described as 'judicial surgery' creating, in effect, an 'original action'.'

2 Alabama Practice § 42.3 (1973).

As these authorities state, separate trials of different claims in a single action under Rule 42(b) usually result in a single judgment. Consequently, when the court wishes to enter judgment as to fewer than all the claims or parties, in a single action, Rule 54(b) must be followed. When, however, a claim is severed from the original action, as authorized by Rule 21, ARCP, a new action is created, just as if it had never been a part of the original action, and a completely independent judgment results. Because the new action is no longer connected to the original action, the judgment rendered is not a determination as to fewer than all the parties and claims, and Rule 54(b) does not apply.

In the case at bar, defendants Gulf and Duke expressly moved for a 'severance' on the ground that Rule 18(c) forbids 'a jury trial of a liability insurance coverage question jointly with the trial of a related damage claim against an insured.' The trial court expressly granted a 'severance' on the question of uninsured motorist coverage. We do not wish to be understood as holding that the label 'severance' is always determinative. The Substance of the court's action, not its Form, controls. But, here, since the question severed could have originally been presented in an independent action, the substance of the court's action is consistent with its form. There was a severance in fact as well as in form.

We note in passing that severance is not the only means of complying with Rule 18(c). That rule does not forbid joint pleading of the question of liability insurance coverage with a related damage claim. See Committee Comments, Rule 18. It merely prohibits a joint jury trial. Consequently, Rule 18(c) may be satisfied by separate trials, analogous to those permitted under Rule 42(b), as well as by severance. To the former, Rule 54(b) applies, but not to the latter. Since severance was the means chosen by the trial judge in this case, the judgment rendered was independent of the original action and appealable without compliance with Rule 54(b).

The motion to dismiss the appeal is denied.

Merits

Gulf through its agent Duke issued liability insurance policy No. 15--1919 to Coosa-Elmore Community Action Committee, Inc., (CECAC) on June 7, 1967. At that time an uninsured motorist rejection endorsement was executed by 'Elizabeth T. Edwards, Director, Coosa-Elmore Community Action Committee, Inc.' The rejection form recited that it was an endorsement to policy No. 15--1919. It also referred to Act 866, Acts of Alabama 1965, (Tit. 36, § 74(62a)) and briefly described uninsured motorist protection. The space under 'Return Premium' was left blank.

In 1970, a renewal policy was issued and an...