Kim v. State, 2-08-406-CR.

CourtCourt of Appeals of Texas
Citation283 S.W.3d 473
Docket NumberNo. 2-08-406-CR.,2-08-406-CR.
PartiesEdwin Woo Jin KIM, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, State.
Decision Date26 March 2009

R. Scott Walker, Mansfield, TX, for Appellant.

Tim Curry, Crim. Dist. Atty., Charles M. Mallin, Asst. Crim. Dist. Atty. & Chief of the Appellate Section, Shelly Messerli, Sheila Wynn, Asst. Crim. Dist. Attys., Fort Worth, TX, for Appellee.

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, DAUPHINOT, and McCOY, JJ.

OPINION

BOB McCOY, Justice.

I. Introduction

In two issues, Appellant Edwin Woo Jin Kim appeals his conviction for burglary of a habitation. We affirm.

II. Factual and Procedural History

This is the oft-told tale of buyer's remorse. On February 4, 2005, Kim pleaded guilty to the offense of burglary of a habitation. The trial court deferred adjudicating Kim's guilt and placed him on deferred adjudication community supervision for six years. On March 17, 2006, the State filed its first motion to proceed to adjudication, alleging that Kim had failed to submit a urine sample as ordered for drug testing, report to his probation officer, and pay court costs and probation fees. A month later, the trial court modified Kim's community supervision and ordered him to participate in a substance abuse felony program.

On August 23, 2007, the State filed a second petition to adjudicate Kim's guilt, alleging that Kim had failed six drug tests, had failed to pay court costs and probation fees, and had failed to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings and counseling sessions. Again, the trial court modified Kim's community supervision and gave Kim another opportunity to avoid adjudication and possible incarceration.

Nevertheless, on August 8, 2008, the State filed a third petition to adjudicate Kim's guilt, alleging that Kim again had failed to submit to urine testing for controlled substances, report to his probation officer, and pay court costs, probation fees, and lab fees. The State offered a three-year sentence in exchange for a plea of true. Kim rejected the State's offer and, instead, entered an open plea to the trial court.1 Kim answered true to all of the State's allegations, and he asked the court to allow him to remain on community supervision and to attend Cenikor for drug rehab. The trial judge adjudicated Kim guilty of the burglary offense and sentenced Kim to seven years' confinement.2 Kim made no objections to the sentence and did not file a motion for new trial. This appeal followed.

III. Disproportionate Punishment and Abuse of Discretion Issues Forfeited

In two issues, Kim asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by setting punishment at seven years' confinement, more than twice as long as the sentence offered by the State, and also argues that the seven-year sentence is disproportionate punishment.

It is axiomatic that errors that are asserted on the part of the trial court must generally be brought to the trial court's attention in order to afford the trial court an opportunity to correct the error, if any. To preserve for appellate review a complaint that a sentence is grossly disproportionate, constituting cruel and unusual punishment, a defendant must present to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion stating the specific grounds for the ruling desired. Tex.R.App. P. 33.1(a); Rhoades v. State, 934 S.W.2d 113, 120 (Tex.Crim.App.1996) (holding complaint of cruel and unusual punishment under Texas Constitution was waived because defendant presented his argument for first time on appeal); Noland v. State, 264 S.W.3d 144, 151-52 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref'd) (holding that when appellant failed to object to his sentence at the punishment hearing or to complain about it in his motion for new trial, he failed to preserve his Eighth Amendment complaint that the punishment assessed was "grossly disproportionate and oppressive"); Wynn v. State, 219 S.W.3d 54, 61 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (holding that defendant's failure to object to his life sentence of imprisonment as cruel and unusual punishment waived error); see also Mercado v. State, 718 S.W.2d 291, 296 (Tex.Crim.App.1986) (stating that, as a general rule, appellant may not assert error pertaining to his sentence or punishment when he failed to object or otherwise raise such error in the trial court).

Kim's complaint about the alleged disproportionality of his sentence was not raised at the time it was imposed or in a motion for new trial. Therefore, he preserved nothing for our review. See Noland, 264 S.W.3d at 151-52; Acosta v. State, 160 S.W.3d 204, 211 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (holding that defendant forfeited his Texas constitution-based complaint that his sentence was grossly disproportionate); see also Cisneros v. State, No. 2-06-103-CR, 2007 WL 80002, at *1 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth Jan.11, 2007, pet. ref'd) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (collecting cases). We overrule both of Kim's issues.

Further, even if we were to reach the merits of Kim's complaint, Kim recognizes in his briefing that punishment imposed within the statutory limits, as here, is generally not subject to challenge for excessiveness. See Dale v. State, 170 S.W.3d 797, 799 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2005, no pet.). Subject only to a very limited, "exceedingly rare," and somewhat amorphous Eighth Amendment gross-disproportionality review, a punishment that falls within the legislatively prescribed range, and that is based upon the sentencer's informed normative judgment, is unassailable on appeal. See Ex parte Chavez, 213 S.W.3d 320, 323-24 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006).

IV. Conclusion

Having overruled Kim's issues, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

DAUPHINOT, J., filed a concurring and dissenting opinion.

LEE ANN DAUPHINOT, Justice.

Although I agree with the outcome in this case, I cannot agree with the majority's holding that Appellant forfeited his complaint.

The majority states that a defendant must complain about the alleged disproportionality of his sentence at the time it is imposed or in a motion for new trial; otherwise, the majority contends, the complaint is not preserved.1 I do not understand when exactly a defendant is supposed to lodge this complaint and what relief he is supposed to seek below.

The majority relies on six cases in support of its position, none of which addresses my concerns. In Rhoades v. State, a Texas Court of Criminal Appeals plurality focuses on Rhoades's complaint about the constitutionality of a statute governing a jury instruction, not a complaint about the constitutionality of his sentence.2 Mercado v. State, another Texas Court of Criminal Appeals opinion, deals not with a cruel and unusual claim but with a complaint that the procedure used by the trial court was vindictive.3 The Court states, "[Mercado] did not just fail to object but rather expressly acquiesced in the procedure used. We believe that he should not now be heard to complain that the procedure was vindictive."4 Does the majority here contend that Appellant somehow expressly acquiesced in the trial court's sentencing decision? In Noland v. State and Wynn v. State, our sister court in the First District of Houston holds, as does the majority here, that the defendant forfeited his Eighth Amendment complaint by not objecting after he was sentenced.5 In Cisneros v. State, an unpublished case, and Acosta v. State, this court also find forfeiture.6 Neither the Houston court nor this court explains how a defendant can object after the trial is over, but each claims that defendants should raise the complaint in a motion for new trial. Neither court explains how a defendant can get a hearing on the motion in order to provide the record necessary for addressing the merits of the complaint.

In a criminal case, pronouncing sentence in open court in the presence of the defendant ends the trial; that act triggers the running of the appellate timetable.7 Unlike a civil case, in which there is usually a delay between pronouncing the verdict in open court and signing the judgment there is no lag time in a criminal case between the pronouncement of sentence and its execution. Once a defendant begins serving the sentence, it is too late to change it. Although there has been some suggestion that a judge may immediately change the sentence,8 there is no provision in the code of criminal procedure for offering evidence of disproportionality after sentencing, as the admission of additional evidence after pronouncement would effectively create a second punishment phase. And a defendant cannot object in advance that a sentence is disproportionate because until the sentence is pronounced, the defendant does not know that it will be objectionable.

Does the majority contend that a defendant must ask for re-sentencing? How? There is no judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) in a criminal case.9 I know of no provision in the rules of appellate procedure or the code of criminal procedure that permits an oral motion for new trial, and it would probably be malpractice to lodge one on the sentencing issue at trial and forego raising other issues later in a traditional motion for new trial.

While a party in a civil case must file a motion for new trial in order to lodge a factual sufficiency issue on appeal of a jury verdict,10 in criminal cases the motion for new trial is expressly not a prerequisite to raising the complaint on appeal; rather, it is merely a vehicle to provide an adequate record in support of that claim.11

The problem a defendant faces in raising a proportionality claim under the Eighth Amendment is one of providing a sufficient record of disproportionality. Such claim should not be dismissed out of hand for failure to raise it in the trial court anymore than an ineffective assistance of counsel claim should be held forfeited by not raising it at trial or in a motion for new trial. The Eighth Amendment claim is not forfeited; the defendant has not presented an adequate...

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