Kleinfield v. Veruki

• Decision Date: 20 September 1988
• Docket Number: Nos. 0812-87-2,0832-87-2,s. 0812-87-2
• Citation: Kleinfield v. Veruki, 372 S.E.2d 407, 7 Va.App. 183 (Va. App. 1988)
• Parties: , 57 USLW 2247 Wendy L. KLEINFIELD v. Peter Eli VERUKI. Peter Eli VERUKI v. Wendy L. KLEINFIELD. Record
• Court: Virginia Court of Appeals

Page 407

372 S.E.2d 407

7 Va.App. 183, 57 USLW 2247

Wendy L. KLEINFIELD v. Peter Eli VERUKI.

Peter Eli VERUKI v. Wendy L. KLEINFIELD.

Record Nos. 0812-87-2, 0832-87-2.

Court of Appeals of Virginia.

Sept. 20, 1988.

J. Lloyd Snook, III, Charlottesville, for Wendy L. Kleinfield.

David L. Heilberg (Davis & Heilberg, Charlottesville, on brief), for Peter Eli Veruki.

Present: KOONTZ, C.J., and BENTON and MOON, JJ.

MOON, Judge.

Wendy L. Kleinfield seeks reversal of a judgment which denied her spousal support on the ground that her marriage to Peter Veruki was bigamous. Because Kleinfield was a party to a voidable marriage that had not been annulled when she married Veruki, we affirm the trial court's decision. Peter Veruki also appeals from the judgment entered and alleges that the trial court erroneously awarded attorney's fees and erroneously failed to provide restitution for pendente lite spousal support paid prior to judgment. Because the trial judge did not abuse his discretion, we also affirm his decision to award attorney's fees and pendente lite spousal support.

On November 26, 1983, Wendy Kleinfield and Peter Veruki married in New York City. Three years later, after the couple had moved to Charlottesville, Virginia, Kleinfield filed a complaint for divorce based on desertion. The trial judge ordered $800 per month pendente lite support pursuant to Code § 20-103. Thereafter, Veruki answered Kleinfield's bill and asserted that no valid marriage between them ever existed because Kleinfield was already married to a William Ricardo Garcia.

Kleinfield filed an amended bill of complaint alleging adultery and arguing that her marriage to Garcia was void ab initio as opposed to merely voidable because she married Garcia, an alien, for the sole purpose of allowing him to obtain naturalized citizen status in the United States. These marriages are frequently referred to as "green card marriages" because of the color of the document the alien receives from the Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) as evidence of legitimate status. Veruki argued that although the marriage may have been entered into solely for the purpose of allowing Garcia to obtain citizenship, the marriage to Garcia was still valid on the date he and Kleinfield married because no court had ever annulled it.

The trial judge decided that the Kleinfield and Garcia marriage was only voidable and not void. Hence, because no court had ever voided the marriage between Kleinfield and Garcia, the trial court ruled that Kleinfield's and Veruki's marriage was a bigamous one. Applying Virginia law, the court determined that since the marriage to Veruki was invalid, Kleinfield could not maintain an action for spousal support or equitable distribution. However, the trial court did award attorney's fees of $1,500 to Kleinfield and refused to order reimbursement to Veruki for the pendente lite spousal support which he had been required to pay.

The evidence showed that Kleinfield married Garcia for $1500 on June 7, 1976, in New Jersey solely to insure that Garcia would attain naturalized citizen status in the United States. The couple never lived together as husband and wife. After the marriage, they represented to the INS that they were married, and Garcia applied for citizenship. Two years later, Kleinfield became apprehensive because the INS was proceeding so slowly in approving Garcia's application for citizenship. Therefore, she withdrew the application from the INS and asserted that she had married Garcia solely for the purpose of allowing him to obtain naturalized status. Neither Kleinfield nor Garcia ever secured a judgment which annulled their marriage.

Before her 1983 marriage to Veruki, and in order to obtain her marriage license, Kleinfield swore to a New York City clerk that she had never been married before. Veruki testified that after their marriage, he found documents in Kleinfield's files which led him to suspect that she had been married before. He claimed that Kleinfield never told him before they were married that she had undertaken the 1976 sham marriage with Garcia. Conversely, Kleinfield testified that she had told Veruki early on in their courtship about the circumstances of her marriage to Garcia. The trial judge made no specific finding of fact as to when each individual had been honest with the other; however, he did note that both parties appeared to have been deceptive with and suspicious of the other.

In our analysis, we are concerned with the validity of two marriages: first, Kleinfield's New Jersey marriage to Garcia; and second, Kleinfield's New York marriage to Veruki. A marriage's validity is to be determined by the law of the state where the marriage took place, unless the result would be repugnant to Virginia public policy. Toler v. Oakwood Smokeless Coal Corp., 173 Va. 425, 430, 4 S.E.2d 364, 368-69 (1939).

A marriage entered into prior to the dissolution of an earlier marriage of one of the parties is a void marriage in New York, Sophian v. Sophian, 279 A.D. 651, 108 N.Y.S.2d 185 (1951), and Virginia. See Code §§ 20-38.1 and 20-45.1(a). A void marriage, unlike a voidable marriage, does not require an action of annulment to render it void. Without obtaining an annulment, a party to a void marriage is free to marry again. Conversely, a party to a voidable marriage must obtain an annulment, or any subsequent marriage is bigamous. Therefore, if Kleinfield's marriage to Garcia was not void, but merely voidable, then the marriage to Veruki was bigamous and could not support an action for spousal support and equitable distribution. Toler, 173 Va. at 435, 4 S.E.2d at 368. Thus, we must decide whether Kleinfield's previous marriage to Garcia was void or voidable.

Accordingly, we turn to whether New Jersey law considers the Garcia marriage void ab initio, or merely voidable. A void marriage under New Jersey law generally does not require a judicial determination to set it aside. A void marriage may not be ratified and may be attacked, either collaterally or directly, either before or after the death of the parties. Flaxman v. Flaxman, 57 N.J. 458, 461, 273 A.2d 567, 569 (1971). In New Jersey, when two parties have entered into a voidable marriage, the marriage remains valid until a decree of nullification is entered. Ysern v. Horter, 94 N.J.Eq. 135, 118 A. 774 (Ch. 1922). Therefore, the voidable marriage renders each party incapable of marrying a third party without committing bigamy.

No New Jersey court has specifically determined whether a green card marriage is void or voidable or requires court action to annul it. We begin our analysis by scrutinizing the plain language of N.J.Stat.Ann. § 2A:34-1 (West 1987). The statutory section provides in pertinent part:

Judgments of nullity of marriage may be rendered in all cases, when:

a. Either of the parties has another wife or husband living at the time of a second or other marriage.

b. The parties are within the degrees prohibited by law. If any such marriage shall not have been annulled during the lifetime of the parties the validity thereof shall not be inquired into after the death of either party.

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c. The parties, or either of them, were at the time of marriage physically or incurably impotent, provided the party making the application shall have been cognizant of such impotency or incapability at the time of the marriage, and has not subsequently ratified the marriage.

d. The parties, or either of them, lacked capacity to marry due to want of understanding because of mental condition or the influence of intoxicants, drugs or similar agents; or where there was a lack of mutual assent to the marital relationship; duress or fraud as to the essentials of marriage; and have not subsequently ratified the marriage.

e. The demand for such a judgment is by the wife or husband who was under the age of 18 years at the time of the marriage, unless such marriage be confirmed by her or him after arriving at such age.

f. Allowable under the general equity jurisdiction of the Superior court.

Without expressly determining the void/voidability question, the New Jersey Supreme Court has held that a green card marriage falls within the ambit of subsection (d). Faustin v. Lewis, ...