Knight v. State

• Decision Date: 15 May 1992
• Docket Number: CR-90-1402
• Citation: 622 So.2d 426
• Parties: Michael D. KNIGHT v. STATE.
• Court: Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 426

622 So.2d 426

Michael D. KNIGHT v. STATE.

CR-90-1402.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama.

May 15, 1992.

Rehearing Denied June 26, 1992.

Certiorari Quashed June 18, 1993

Alabama Supreme Court 1911531.

Ray T. Kennington, Ariton, for appellant.

James H. Evans, Atty. Gen., and Tori L. Adams-Burks, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

MONTIEL, Judge.

The appellant was charged with the unlawful possession of cocaine. The jury returned a guilty verdict. The appellant was sentenced as a habitual felony offender to 12 years' imprisonment and was ordered to pay court costs and $50 to the crime victims' compensation fund.

On August 9, 1990, at approximately 10:00 p.m., Ozark Police Commander Butch Whittington received a call from a confidential informant. The informant stated that three black males in an older model Ford mustang automobile with a Florida license tag were attempting to sell cocaine in an area of Ozark, Alabama, that is known as the "Block." Officer Whittington testified that he relayed this information to Sheriff Deputy Butch Jones and to Sgt. Gary Brown. Officer Whittington testified that as he was driving towards "the Block," the informant again called him on his police cellular telephone. The informant said that the three males in the mustang had moved to Daris's, a local "shot-house" on Cora Avenue, where whiskey and beer are sold, and that he had witnessed them selling cocaine. The officers arrived at Daris's and waited until the vehicle moved so that they could verify the license tag number given by the informant. Deputy Jones and Sgt. Brown then stopped the mustang on Cora Avenue. Deputy Jones testified that as he and Brown approached the automobile, one of the passengers, later identified as Richard Dukes, jumped from the car and ran. Sgt. Brown ran behind the passenger on foot until he noticed that Officer Whittington had started to chase him. Officers Brown and Whittington testified that as the passenger ran, he threw a medicine vial containing white pieces of rock-like substances and two small plastic bags containing the same material on the ground. All three officers testified that the appellant was driving the vehicle when it was stopped. The officers also testified that when the vehicle was stopped, there were four people in the car. All four individuals, including the appellant, were arrested for the unlawful possession of a controlled substance. Deputy Jones testified that he searched each of the four individuals, but that he did not find any drugs on their person. However, the officers did recover one small plastic bag containing a white powder from under the driver's seat. Also recovered was $221 from Richard Dukes.

David Thorne, the chemist who analyzed the evidence, testified that the substance in the medicine vial was cocaine. He also testified that two of the plastic bags contained cocaine and the third plastic bag contained starch. The bag containing starch was the plastic bag found under the driver's seat.

During his trial testimony and in his statement introduced at the trial, the appellant admitted that he was driving the mustang automobile and that he was aware at "the Block" and at Daris's that one of the passengers in the car had cocaine in his possession and was selling cocaine. The appellant was convicted of the unlawful possession of cocaine.

This appeal follows.

I

The appellant, a black male, contends that the prosecution used peremptory strikes to eliminate black veniremembers from the jury, in violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). Here, we note that the record on appeal does not reflect the racial composition of the jury venire or the composition of the trial jury. The trial judge denied the appellant's Batson motion on the grounds that the prosecution's explanations were sufficiently race neutral. We agree.

Veniremember number 35 testified on voir dire that she had known the appellant for many years and that he had asked her for a date on a couple of occasions. An acquaintance with the defendant has been approved as a valid race-neutral reason. United States v. Alston, 895 F.2d 1362, 1367 (11th Cir.1990); Ex parte Lynn, 543 So.2d 709, 711 (Ala.1988).

Veniremember number 87's son was a defendant in a criminal case pending on the Dale Circuit Court's docket at the time of the present case. The prosecution or suspicion of involvement of criminal activity of a juror or a member of a juror's family has been accepted by this court as a valid race-neutral explanation for peremptory strikes. Henderson v. State, 584 So.2d 841 (Ala.Cr.App.1988); Lynn v. State, 543 So.2d 704, 709 (Ala.Cr.App.1987), aff'd Ex parte Lynn, 543 So.2d 709 (Ala.1988); cert. denied, 493 U.S. 945, 110 S.Ct. 351, 107 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989); Powell v. State, 548 So.2d 590, 592-93 (Ala.Cr.App.1988), aff'd Ex parte Powell, 548 So.2d 605 (Ala.1989).

Veniremember number 124 had a criminal record, and his family had been frequently connected with criminal cases in the Dale Circuit Court. Previous prosecution has been held by this court to be a valid race-neutral explanation for peremptory strikes. Ward v. State, 539 So.2d 407, 408 (Ala.Cr.App.1988); Avery v. State, 545 So.2d 123 (Ala.Cr.App.1988).

Veniremember number 80 indicated that he was a minister at a church and would rather have been ministering to his congregation than serving on the jury. According to the prosecution he stated he did not want to sit in judgment of anyone else. Reluctance on the part of a juror to serve has been accepted as a valid race-neutral explanation. Woods v. State, 490 So.2d 24, 29 (Fla.1986), cert. denied, Woods v. Florida, 479 U.S. 954, 107 S.Ct. 446, 93 L.Ed.2d 394 (1986); United States v. Ruiz, 894 F.2d 501 (2nd Cir.1990).

Veniremember number 65 testified that she had been in court before. She stated that she was in a bathroom with a woman who had given birth to a baby and that the baby was subsequently found in a dumpster. The State believed that she had been a witness for the state or the defense in that case. The circumstance of being in a bathroom with a woman who gave birth to a baby that was later found in a dumpster was highly suspicious. The prosecution believed that her presence there suggested that she had witnessed criminal conduct. Involvement in criminal conduct has been accepted by this court as valid race-neutral explanation for peremptory strikes. Henderson v. State, 584 So.2d 841 (Ala.Cr.App.1988).

The trial judge was correct in finding the explanations given by the prosecutor to be sufficiently race neutral.

II

The appellant next asserts that the chain of custody of the cocaine was not sufficiently proven. He contends that assurances were not given that the cocaine had not been tampered with. Specifically, he argues that there was a five-day interval between the time the substance was given to Mark Cruze, a chemist at the State forensics lab in Enterprise, Alabama, and the time it was given to David Thorne, the chemist who analyzed the evidence, which resulted in a break in the chain of custody because Mr. Cruze did not testify.

Officer Whittington testified that he placed the plastic bag containing a white powder that was found under the driver's seat and the plastic bags and medicine vial containing a rock-like substance dropped by Dukes in an evidence envelope, sealed it, and wrote his initials across the tape. He testified that he then placed the envelope in the Ozark drug vault, to which he had the only key at the time. Officer Whittington further testified that on August 15, 1990, he removed the envelope from the vault and gave it to Mark Cruze, an employee of the State forensics lab in Enterprise, Alabama. Officer Whittington returned on August 23, 1990, to retrieve the evidence from Thorne after the analysis was complete. Officer Whittington then placed the envelope back in the drug vault. Whittington testified that he did not see the evidence envelope again until the day of the trial when it was retrieved from the vault by the police drug custodian, Lt. Blocker. Officer Whittington testified that the envelope was in the same or substantially the same condition at the trial as when he retrieved it from the forensics lab.

Thorne testified that he received the evidence envelope on August 20, 1990, from Cruze. Thorne testified that after completing the analysis on August 20, 1990, he placed the evidence back in the original envelope, sealed it, signed it, and placed it in a secured locker. On August 23, 1990, he returned the evidence to Officer Whittington.

Each person who handled the cocaine and its container envelope testified at trial, except Cruze, who received the envelope from Officer Whittington at the lab and gave the envelope to Thorne for analysis. This court has applied the "reasonable probability" standard to chain of custody issues. Oury v. State, 53 Ala.App. 240, 298 So.2d 661 (1974). "The purpose in establishing a chain of custody is to show a reasonable probability that the evidence was not tampered with." Bell v. State, 339 So.2d 96, 98 (Ala.Cr.App.1976).

In Shute v. State, 469 So.2d 670 (Ala.Cr.App.1984), an officer testified that he delivered a substance to a Mobile lab. The criminologist testified that "she did not know who gave the envelope to her," but that s...