Knoch v. United States

• Decision Date: 01 April 1963
• Docket Number: No. 17763.,17763.
• Citation: 316 F.2d 532
• Parties: Jacob W. KNOCH and William Larry Knoch, a Minor, by Jacob W. Knoch, his Guardian ad Litem, Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

316 F.2d 532 (1963)

Jacob W. KNOCH and William Larry Knoch, a Minor, by Jacob W. Knoch, his Guardian ad Litem, Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.

No. 17763.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

April 1, 1963.

Francis Berton Perry and Leslie C. Gillen, San Francisco, Cal., for appellants.

Joseph D. Guilfoyle, Asst. Atty. Gen., Morton Hollander, John C. Eldridge, Attys., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., and Cecil F. Poole, U. S. Atty., San Francisco, Cal., for appellee.

Before HAMLIN and DUNIWAY, Circuit Judges, and BOWEN, District Judge.

HAMLIN, Circuit Judge.

Jacob W. Knoch and William Larry Knoch, a minor, by Jacob W. Knoch, his guardian ad litem, appellants herein, filed an action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, seeking damages under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2671, et seq., for injuries sustained by appellant William Larry Knoch resulting from the alleged malpractice of a Navy doctor. The district court found that the doctor had been guilty of malpractice which proximately caused injury to William Larry Knoch, but awarded judgment in favor of the United States of America, appellee herein, on the ground that appellants were not eligible for relief under the Tort Claims Act, because of William Larry Knoch's military status at the time of his injury. A timely appeal from the judgment of the district court was filed, and we have jurisdiction under the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

William Larry Knoch enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve on June 12, 1956, for a period of six years. Under the terms of his enlistment he was obligated to spend two years on active duty with the Navy, three years in the ready reserve, during which time he was required to attend weekly drills and one year in the standby reserve. On the date of his enlistment, after passing his physical examination and being formally sworn into the Navy, Knoch, instead of beginning immediately his two years active duty, was issued orders for inactive duty training with the ready reserve. Thereafter, until March 1, 1957, he attended weekly drills in addition to two weeks of boot camp training in August, 1956.

On March 1, 1957, Knoch received from the Commandant, Twelfth Naval District, orders with respect to his two-year active duty obligation. These orders were entitled, "Orders to Active Naval Service" and they read in pertinent part as follows:

"* * * you will report at 0830, 13 March 1957 to the Officer in Charge, U. S. Navy Recruiting Station Room 48 Fed. Off. Bldg., San Francisco, California for a physical examination. You are ordered to an active naval status for this purpose and you will be considered in an active naval status during the time required for this physical examination and for travel if necessary for compliance with these orders."

The orders further provided that if Knoch was found physically unqualified, he was to return to his home and upon arrival thereat consider himself "released to inactive duty until receipt of further orders," but that if he was found physically qualified, he was to return home immediately and upon arrival thereat was to consider himself "released to inactive duty until such time as is necessary for you to proceed and report not later than 2400, 31 March 1957" to the Naval Training Center, San Diego, for outfitting, recruit training and further assignment.

On March 13, 1957, Knoch reported for his physical examination, during which the Navy doctor told Knoch that there was wax in his left ear. According to Knoch, he "referred me to a corpsman who said he was going to irrigate the ear. I asked him if he was going to use water, and he said yes. I explained that no water was supposed to be used in my ear. He said, `Young man, you are in the Navy now. We know what we are doing.' Under the pressure used, the inner ear drum was punctured. The ear bled freely and I was sent to sick bay." Knoch was thereafter given a hearing test and was unable to hear anything in his left ear. Later he was told that he was not physically qualified and that he should report back to Sacramento, California, where he lived, to await further orders.

On March 18, 1957, his orders to active naval service were cancelled with a notation "Not physically qualified — suspended status list." On April 5, 1957, he was transferred to the standby reserve, the order stating that he had been found "not physically qualified for active duty."

According to Navy regulations, Knoch was entitled to pay during the period of his examination, including his travel time, but he never asked for or received such pay. Since March 13, 1957, Knoch did not ask for or receive medical aid from the Navy for his ear condition.¹ He has been treated since that time by his own doctors.

The sole issue on this appeal is whether Knoch was precluded from recovering under the Federal Tort Claims Act² due to his military status at the time of his alleged injury.

The Supreme Court in Feres v. United States³ held that "the Government is not liable under the Federal Tort Claims Act for injuries to servicemen where the injuries arise out of or are in the course of activity incident to service." In that decision, which involved three separate cases, the court stated,⁴ "The common fact underlying the three cases is that each claimant, while on active duty and not on furlough, sustained injury due to negligence of others in the armed forces." Subsequently, in United States v. Brown,⁵ the Supreme Court adhered to "the line drawn in the Feres case between injuries that did and injuries that did not arise out of or in the course of military duty," and as to the former stated:

"The peculiar and special relationship of the soldier to his superiors, the effects of the maintenance of such suits on discipline, and the extreme results that might obtain if suits under the Tort Claims Act were allowed for negligent orders given or negligent acts committed in the course of military duty, led the

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