Knudson v. Hess

• Decision Date: 24 October 1996
• Docket Number: No. 19361,19361
• Parties: Cynthia K. KNUDSON, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. James HESS, individually, and James Hess, d/b/a Mountain Plains Counseling Center, Defendants and Appellees. . Considered on Briefs
• Court: South Dakota Supreme Court

Page 73

556 N.W.2d 73

1996 SD 137

Cynthia K. KNUDSON, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. James HESS, individually, and James Hess, d/b/a Mountain Plains Counseling Center, Defendants and Appellees.

No. 19361.

Supreme Court of South Dakota.

Considered on Briefs Oct. 24, 1996.

Decided Dec. 4, 1996.

Gregory A. Eiesland, Michael P. Reynolds, Quinn, Eiesland, Day & Barker, Rapid City, for plaintiff and appellant.

J. Crisman Palmer, Talbot J. Wieczorek, Gunderson, Palmer, Goodsell & Nelson, Rapid City, for defendants and appellees.

GILBERTSON, Justice.

¶1 Cynthia Knudson (Knudson) appeals from a judgment on a jury verdict in favor of James Hess (Hess). Knudson appeals the trial court's application of the two-year statute of limitations to her claims against Hess. We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURE

¶2 This appeal presents a revisitation of some of the parties involved in Weisbeck v. Hess, 524 N.W.2d 363 (S.D.1994). In Weisbeck, Knudson's husband ¹ sued psychologist Hess for professional negligence arising out of Hess' relationship with Knudson. In the present case, Knudson sued Hess for negligence, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and breach of fiduciary duty arising out of their seven-year relationship.

¶3 In November 1986, Knudson and her husband first consulted Hess about problems they were having with their daughter. Soon after this first meeting, the counseling sessions began to focus on Knudson and her low self-esteem, her marital problems, and the medications she was taking for depression. By September of 1987, Knudson was working in Hess' clinic as a receptionist and was involved in group therapy sessions with counselor Patty Miller of Hess' clinic. Knudson was also receiving counseling from Hess at this time, although Hess was not billing Knudson for these sessions while she was employed at his clinic. Knudson continued to work at Hess' clinic until October 1988.

¶4 At some point, Knudson and Hess began a sexual relationship, though the parties are not in agreement as to when this relationship started. Both parties agree the relationship ended in April or May of 1993. Hess does not dispute that an intimate relationship continued until then.

¶5 In March 1994, Knudson filed a complaint against Hess with the South Dakota Psychology Board. In April 1994, Knudson filed the action underlying this appeal, claiming negligence and intentional infliction of emotional distress by Hess. Hess moved the trial court for summary judgment on grounds that the action was barred by the two-year statute of limitations provided in SDCL 15-2-14.1. This motion was denied and the matter set for trial. After the trial court denied Hess' motion for summary judgment but prior to trial, Knudson amended her complaint to include breach of fiduciary duty by Hess as a cause of action. The matter was tried before a jury June 6-9, 1995 and a verdict was rendered for Hess. Judgment was entered following the jury's verdict. Knudson moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and a new trial. The motion was denied by the trial court. Knudson appealed, raising the following issues:

1. Whether the trial court erred in applying the two-year medical malpractice statute of limitations provided in SDCL 15-2-14.1?

2. Whether the trial court erred in allowing a defense of contributory negligence?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶6 Our standard of review of a trial court's instruction to the jury is well settled. We review the jury instructions by construing them together and the instructions are not erroneous if when so construed they provide a full and correct statement of the law applicable to the case at bar. Sommervold v. Grevlos, 518 N.W.2d 733, 739 (S.D.1994); Frazier v. Norton, 334 N.W.2d 865, 870 (S.D.1983); Mueller v. Mueller, 88 S.D. 446, 221 N.W.2d 39 (1974).

An appellant has the burden to show not only that the instruction given was in error, but also that it was prejudicial error to the effect that under the evidence, the jury might and probably would have returned a different verdict if the appellant's instructions had been given.

Sybesma v. Sybesma, 534 N.W.2d 355, 359 (S.D.1995) (quoting Chambers v. Dakotah Charter, Inc., 488 N.W.2d 63, 64 (S.D.1992)). "[A]n appellant who seeks to set aside a civil verdict because of an incomplete or ambiguous instruction must establish that it was prejudicial." Id. (quoting Schmidt v. Wildcat Cave, Inc., 261 N.W.2d 114, 119 (S.D.1977)).

ANALYSIS AND DECISION

¶7 1. Whether the trial court erred in applying the two-year medical malpractice statute of limitations provided by SDCL 15-2-14.1?

¶8 Before being permitted to raise an issue on appeal, parties must have presented the issue to the trial court and obtained a ruling. "This Court will not decide issues the trial court has not had the opportunity to rule upon." Klinker v. Beach, 1996 SD 56, p 17 n. 3, 547 N.W.2d 572, 576 n. 3; Hawkins v. Peterson, 474 N.W.2d 90, 95 (S.D.1991).

¶9 Prior to trial, Hess moved for summary judgment based on the two-year statute of limitations provided by SDCL 15-2-14.1. ² The statute provides this limitations period applies to an action brought against a "practitioner of the healing arts for malpractice, error, mistake or failure to cure, whether based upon contract or tort[.]" In opposing Hess' motion, Knudson did not argue the limitations period, but argued instead the existence of material facts of a continuing relationship between the parties, such that, if found to exist, would toll the statutory period. See Keegan v. First Bank of Sioux Falls, 519 N.W.2d 607, 613 (S.D.1994); Schoenrock v. Tappe, 419 N.W.2d 197, 201 (S.D.1988). Knudson argued:

In this case, there are indeed disputed material facts as to: (1) Whether Plaintiff and Defendant Hess had a counselor/patient relationship which ended in late April or May of 1993 and whether Hess committed malpractice within the two (2) year statute of limitation [sic]; (2) Whether Hess continued to counsel Plaintiff until at least the 8th day of April, 1992 which would toll the statute of limitations; (3) Whether Hess and Plaintiff had a counselor/patient relationship to at least April 8, 1992; (4) At what time, if any, did Hess' treatment of Plaintiff cease; (5) Whether Hess' treatment of Plaintiff is continuing treatment; and (6) Whether Hess' conduct amounted to intentional infliction of emotional distress.

At the conclusion of her reply opposing Hess' motion for summary judgment, Knudson noted that:

An action for intentional infliction of emotional distress is governed by the three (3) year statute of limitation [sic] as set forth in SDCL 15-2-14. However, in this case, whether the statute is two (2) years or (3)[sic] years is really not the issue. The issue is what was the relationship between Cindy and Hess between 1987 and April or May of 1993. This question is hotly disputed between the parties. Material issues of fact exist which preclude summary judgment. (emphasis added).

Knudson prevailed in her argument. In denying Hess' motion, the trial court noted this Court's holding in Keegan, 519 N.W.2d at 611:

Statute of limitations questions are normally for the jury. Further, summary judgment is proper on the issue of statute of limitations only when application of the law is in question. Summary judgment is therefore improper where there is a dispute of material fact which would affect the application of the statute of limitations. (emphasis original) (citations omitted).

The trial court found summary judgment improper in this case and the matter proceeded to trial. ³

¶10 At trial, during settlement of the jury instructions, Hess proposed an instruction which ultimately became Jury Instruction 15 and was presented by the trial court to the jury. This instruction stated that:

The defendant has asserted the defense of statute of limitations.

If you find that defendant, Dr. James Hess, did not continue counseling Cindy Knudson through at least April 8, 1992, you must enter a verdict for the defendant, Dr. Hess.

If you find that defendant, Dr. James Hess, continued counseling Cindy Knudson through at least April 8, 1992, you must proceed to the rest of the instructions.

Knudson had a final opportunity to preserve this issue for appeal by making objection to the proposed instruction on the grounds she now raises before this Court. Knudson did object to this instruction "for the reason that reasonable minds could not differ that the evidence has shown that he was counseling beyond April 8, 1992 and that as a matter of law, the court should direct that counseling did continue and that instruction would not be necessary to put to the jury." The trial court overruled this objection. Knudson did not object to the legal sufficiency of the instruction as it pertains to the appropriate statute of limitations, but to the sufficiency of the evidence in this case.

¶11 SDCL 15-6-51(b) governs procedures for settlement of jury instructions at trial and provides, in relevant part, that "[n]o grounds of objection to the giving or the refusing of an instruction shall be considered either on motion for new trial or appeal, unless presented to the court upon the 'settlement' of such instruction." This statute also requires that "each counsel, or party, shall specify and state the particular ground or grounds" for objection and that a general objection is insufficient. An objection must be clear so the trial court is advised of what possible errors exist and be granted the opportunity to correct any instructions. Hogg v. First Nat'l Bank of Aberdeen, 386 N.W.2d 921, 925 (S.D.1986) (citing Schmidt, 261 N.W.2d at 116). See also Sybesma, 534 N.W.2d at 359 (holding issue not properly preserved for review where different objection was made to instruction at trial than was made on appeal). "[T]he complaining party must have properly objected to the instruction in order to preserve the issue on appeal, or the improper instruction becomes the law of the case." Wallahan v. Black...