Kryger v. Dokken
| Decision Date | 11 February 1986 |
| Docket Number | No. 15159,15159 |
| Citation | 386 N.W.2d 481 |
| Parties | Elmer C. KRYGER, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Sigrid P. DOKKEN, Defendant and Appellee. . Considered on Briefs |
| Court | South Dakota Supreme Court |
Jim Kessler, Brookings, for plaintiff and appellant.
George B. Boos, Milbank, for defendant and appellee.
This appeal is taken by Plaintiff Elmer C. Kryger (Appellant) from an order and judgment entered in favor of Defendant Sigrid P. Dokken (Appellee). We affirm.
The facts are essentially undisputed. On June 10, 1984, Appellee held a public auction on her property for the sale of personal property. She marked sunken areas on neighboring lots with red flags to avoid possible accidents. However, Appellant stepped through 10 to 12 inches of sod into an abandoned well on Appellee's property. As a consequence, he was injured with some anticipated permanent disability. Appellee had no knowledge of the abandoned well although she has resided on the property for over forty years. While conceding Appellee was not negligent, Appellant alleged three alternate theories of recovery. The trial court granted a motion for summary judgment in favor of Appellee based on the pleadings, depositions and affidavits of both parties.
Appellant argues that while Appellee had no knowledge or notice of the abandoned well under our statutes governing abandoned and existing wells, SDCL ch. 46-6, she was nevertheless obliged, as an owner, to know of the danger and to take proper safety measures. We do not agree.
The abandoned well statutes are not applicable because they specifically address the duty of property owners to plug existing wells when they are abandoned or forfeited. They do not purport to provide a standard of care upon owners who have no knowledge or notice of previously abandoned wells on their property.
We next determine if SDCL § 21-10-8 1 obligates successive owners to abate an unknown continuing nuisance as Appellant claims or whether the wrong contemplated by that statute is the creation or continuation of a nuisance which does not arise solely from ownership of the land.
As we read SDCL § 21-10-1, 2 a nuisance involves an unlawful act or omission to perform a duty. The owner of property has no duty to correct or discontinue a nuisance without knowledge of it. In Waggoner v. Midwestern Development, Inc., 83 S.D. 57, 154 N.W.2d 803 (1967), we said:
One cannot be said in any manner to neglect or refuse to perform a duty unless he has knowledge or be reasonably charged with knowledge that an act or omission involves peril or harm to another.
Id. at 62, 154 N.W.2d at 806 (cites omitted). Since Appellee had no knowledge of the abandoned well, it cannot be said that she failed to perform a duty. While an act of omission may constitute a want of ordinary care, it must be founded on a duty of care owed by the wrongdoer to the person injured or to a class of which he is a member. Blumhardt v. Hartung, 283 N.W.2d 229, 232 (S.D.1979). We conclude that the liability of successive owners to abate a continuing nuisance expressed in SDCL § 21-10-8 does not arise simply from ownership of land. See 58 Am.Jur.2d Nuisance § 49 (1971).
It is also the contention of Appellant that it was not necessary to establish negligence because the abandoned well was a peril which injured a party who could not avoid the harm and, therefore, the owner should be held responsible as a matter of law under a "hidden danger" theory. Both parties cite and rely on Werth v. Ashley Realty Co., 199 N.W.2d 899 (N.D.1972), in which the North Dakota Supreme Court discussed hidden perils. In our view, that decision supports the position of Appellee since the court held that the defendant must have knowledge of the defect. Werth discusses whether a "reasonable owner standard" should be adopted and the licensee/invitee distinction dropped as an archaic principle. Id. at 907. We fail to find any comfort in this argument for Appellant, however, since even under a reasonable owner standard, it cannot be said that Appellee acted unreasonably.
Appellant's position ultimately rests on a strict liability or self-insurer theory, an accommodation of which would necessitate a rule whereby an owner becomes liable when he invites the public onto his property for pecuniary gain. Such a rule would contradict the writing of Judge Roberts for this Court in Norris v. Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Co., 74 S.D. 271, 51 N.W.2d 792 (1952):
He [plaintiff] was an invitee or business visitor. No citations of authority are required in support of the well established principles that the possessor of land owes an invitee or business visitor the duty of exercising reasonable or ordinary care for his safety and is liable for the breach of such duty. This, however, is the extent of the duty. The possessor of land is not an insurer as to the safe condition of the premises. It is necessary that it be established that the possessor had knowledge of the presence of the dangerous condition of his premises or that the condition existed for such a period of time as to justify the inference that he had knowledge of its existence.
Id. at 273, 51 N.W.2d at 793. He further wrote:
It is when the unsafe condition or attendant dangers as we have observed are known to the possessor of land and not known to the person injured that recovery is permitted.
Since Norris, the principal that the owner of property is not strictly liable to invitees but rather owes them an ordinary duty of care has been repeatedly affirmed. Stenholtz v. Modica, 264 N.W.2d 514, 516 (S.D.1978); see also Underberg v. Cain, 348 N.W.2d 145 (S.D.1984), and Mortenson v. Braley, 349 N.W.2d 444 (S.D.1984). We decline now to deviate from this well recognized rule.
Upon review of a summary judgment, we are governed by Wilson v. Great Northern Railway Co., 83 S.D. 207, 157 N.W.2d 19 (1968):
(1) The evidence must be viewed most favorable to the non-moving party; (2) The burden of proof is upon the movant to show clearly that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; (3) Though the purpose of the rule is to secure a just, speedy and inexpensive determination of the action, it was never intended to be used as a substitute for a court trial or for a trial by jury where any genuine issue of material fact exists.
(4) A surmise that a party will not prevail upon trial is not sufficient basis to grant the motion on issues which are not shown to be sham, frivolous or so unsubstantial that it be obvious it would be...
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