Lansdown v. C.I.R.
| Citation | 73 F.3d 373 |
| Parties | -491, 96-1 USTC P 50,025 NOTICE: Although citation of unpublished opinions remains unfavored, unpublished opinions may now be cited if the opinion has persuasive value on a material issue, and a copy is attached to the citing document or, if cited in oral argument, copies are furnished to the Court and all parties. See General Order of |
| Decision Date | 29 November 1993 |
| Court | United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (10th Circuit) |
Before KELLY, SETH and HENRY, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties' request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R.App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
Petitioner David P. Lansdown, appearing pro se, appeals the tax court's order disallowing him the foreign earned income exclusion of 26 U.S.C. 911(a), and imposing additions to tax for failure to file timely his 1983 and 1984 tax returns and pay the tax due. Petitioner claims he was a bona fide resident of Nigeria or Syria for the tax years in question, and therefore he was entitled to the foreign earned income exclusion provided by 911(a). We have jurisdiction over petitioner's timely appeal pursuant to 26 U.S.C. 7482 and 7483. We affirm the tax court's order, but on alternate grounds for tax years 1983, 1984 and 1988. See Medina v. City & County of Denver, 960 F.2d 1493, 1495 n. 1 (10th Cir.1992)(reviewing court is free to affirm lower court decision on any grounds supported by record sufficiently to permit conclusions of law).
Petitioner claimed the foreign earned income exclusion for tax years 1983 and 1984 based on his presence in Nigeria. He was employed in Nigeria from July 1980 until December 14, 1984. He worked long hours but took frequent vacations. During those breaks, he traveled to the United States, Europe, or Asia. Petitioner's housing in Nigeria was provided through his employment, and he maintained his residence in Oklahoma. Petitioner then lived and worked in the United States until July of 1988, when he went to Syria pursuant to a written contract for employment from July 28, 1988 through July 27, 1989. His employment in Syria then continued pursuant to a similar written contract for employment from July 28, 1989 through July 27, 1990. He claimed the foreign earned income exclusion for tax years 1988 and 1989 based on his presence in Syria.
Section 911 states:
(a) Exclusion from gross income.--At the election of a qualified individual ... there shall be excluded from the gross income of such individual, and exempt from taxation under this subtitle, for any taxable year-
(1) the foreign earned income of such individual, and
(2) the housing cost amount of such individual.
* * *
(d) Definitions and special rules.--For purposes of this section -
(1) Qualified individual.--The term "qualified individual" means an individual whose tax home is in a foreign country and who is-
(A) a citizen of the United States and establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that he has been a bona fide resident of a foreign country or countries for an uninterrupted period which includes an entire taxable year, or
(B) a citizen or resident of the United States and who, during any period of 12 consecutive months, is present in a foreign country or countries during at least 330 full days in such period.
26 U.S.C. 911. "Thus, to be entitled to the foreign earned income exclusion within the context of section 911, an individual must have his 'tax home' in a foreign country and satisfy either the 'bona fide residence' requirement or 'physical presence' requirement of section 911(d)(1)." Lemay v. Commissioner, 837 F.2d 681, 682 (5th Cir.1988).
Petitioner did not meet the statutory requirements of a "qualified individual" for the years 1984 or 1988 because he did not live in Nigeria or Syria, respectively, for an entire tax year. Although petitioner argues he was in Syria for longer than twelve consecutive months, 911(d)(1)(A) requires bona fide foreign residence for "an entire taxable year," which, according to petitioner's tax returns, runs from January 1 through December 31. He moved from Nigeria on December 14, 1984, and he did not move to Syria until July of 1988. Petitioner does not claim that he was a resident of either Nigeria or Syria outside the dates stated above, although he claims he "has presented documentation supporting continuing expenses for Nigeria for 1985 and 1986," reply brief at 2. Even if that evidence had been presented at the tax court hearing, such evidence would not necessarily establish residency, particularly in view of petitioner's testimony that he worked in the United States in 1985 and 1986 to arrange business liaisons between Nigerian and American businesses. Accordingly, petitioner was not a bona fide resident of Nigeria in 1984 or Syria in 1988 "for an uninterrupted period which includes an entire taxable year," as required by 911(d)(1)(A).
We also reject petitioner's assertion that he is entitled to the foreign earned income exclusion for 1983 and 1984 because the exclusion was approved for tax years 1980, 1981, and 1982. Respondent challenged petitioner's claim noting that petitioner had claimed a credit, but not the exclusion. Regardless, each tax year must be evaluated separately. See generally Commissioner v. Sunnen, 333 U.S. 591, 598 (1948). Therefore, petitioner is not automatically entitled to the foreign earned income exclusion for tax years 1983 and 1984.
We next address petitioner's claim that he was a "qualified individual" for tax year 1983 because his tax home was in Nigeria, and he was a bona fide resident of that country. He also claims "qualified individual" status for tax year 1989 based on his presence in Syria.
We review de novo the issue whether a taxpayer was a bona fide resident of a foreign country for purposes of 911. Jones v. Commissioner, 927 F.2d 849, 852 (5th Cir.1991). Petitioner bears the burden of proof. Id. at 853. The congressional intent in establishing the foreign earned income exclusion was "to encourage foreign trade by encouraging foreign employment for citizens of the United States, and to place them in an equal position with citizens of other countries going abroad who are not taxed by their own countries." Id. (citing authorities).
Factors to be considered to evaluate whether a taxpayer was a bona fide resident of a foreign country include:
(1) taxpayer's intention to remain indefinitely in the foreign country, as contrasted with an intention to stay for a fixed period of time for a specific purpose;
(2) arrangement and payment of transportation to and from the foreign country;
(3) establishment of a home in the foreign country;
(4) assimilation into the foreign life and society;
(5) whether taxpayer's spouse and family also lived in the foreign country;
(6) payment of foreign taxes;
(7) application for naturalization or citizenship in the foreign country;
(8) method of paying wages, whether in the foreign country or to a United States bank;
(9) taxpayer's conduct consistent with intent and purpose to remain indefinitely in the foreign country.
Jones v. Kyle, 190 F.2d 353, 355 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 342 U.S. 886 (1951). Similar factors were applied in Jones v. Commissioner, 927 F.2d at 853, and Sochurek v. Commissioner, 300 F.2d 34, 38 (7th Cir.1962). The list of factors stated above is not exhaustive; other factors may be relevant to the bona fides of a taxpayer's foreign residence.
Petitioner lived and worked in Syria during the 1989 tax year running from January 1, 1989 through December 31, 1989. His initial employment contract was for a distinct period of one year with no obligation for employment past July 27, 1989, despite his claim that his promotion on July 1, 1989 intended permanent or indefinite employment; his employer paid his foreign taxes and arranged for his housing; his salary was adjusted for pension and savings, and to permit him to maintain a home in the United States; his social contacts were largely with coworkers and employees of the American embassy; and he attained only a traveler's knowledge of Arabic. We recognize that petitioner's family situation was not contrary to his foreign residency. Although petitioner now asserts that it was his intention to stay in Syria indefinitely, he can point to no evidence other than his after-the-fact statement. Cf. Jones, 927 F.2d at 854 (). Consequently, we determine that petitioner was not a bona fide resident of Syria for tax year 1989, and therefore, he was not eligible for the foreign earned income exclusion.
We next consider whether petitioner was a bona fide resident of Nigeria for tax year 1983. His employment in Nigeria spanned the period from January 1, 1983 through December 31, 1983. During 1983, petitioner was physically present in Nigeria for 179 days, and in the United States for 186 days. His housing in Nigeria was provided by his employer, he worked eighty hours per week, and he left Nigeria when he was not working to travel...
To continue reading
Request your trial
-
Carlson, Matter of
...a showing of "reasonable cause" is not often accepted as an excuse for a § 6654(a) penalty, see Lansdown v. Commissioner, 73 F.3d 373 (table), 1995 WL 755262 at * 4 (10th Cir.1995) (no reasonable cause exception to § 6654); Smith v. Commissioner, 313 F.2d 724, 737 (8th Cir.1963) (same); Uni......
-
Vi Derivatives LLC v. U.S.A
...of law, a petitioner bears the burden of proof to show he is a bona fide resident of a foreign jurisdiction. Lansdown v. Commissioner, 73 F.3d 373, at *3 (10th Cir. 1995). Both Petitioners and the United States agree this Court should apply the standard set forth in Sochurek v. Commisioner,......
-
The accuracy-related penalty.
...(where the law is subject to disagreement, no negligence or intentional disregard of rules and regulations has been found); Lansdown, 73 F.3d 373 (10th Cir. 1995) (taxpayer erroneously believed he was entitled to foreign earned income exclusion, but the negligence penalty was not imposed be......