Leader v. Leader
Decision Date | 06 January 1977 |
Docket Number | Docket No. 28093 |
Parties | Teresa M. LEADER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert A. LEADER, Defendant-Appellant. |
Court | Court of Appeal of Michigan — District of US |
Metry, Metry & Sanom by William W. Swor, Detroit, for defendant-appellant.
Hilla W. Wright, Algonac, for plaintiff-appellee.
Before D. E. HOLBROOK, P. J., and ALLEN and RILEY, JJ.
Defendant appeals from an order of the trial court denying his motion to dismiss. Plaintiff had filed a complaint for divorce in February of 1976. Defendant then filed his motion to dismiss approximately one month later, maintaining that plaintiff failed to meet the 180-day jurisdictional residency requirement of M.C.L.A. § 552.9; M.S.A. § 25.89. This Court initially denied defendant leave to appeal, but, following defendant's application for rehearing, this Court did grant defendant leave to appeal.
The only question we must decide is whether the trial court was correct in determining that plaintiff had met the jurisdictional prerequisite necessary to maintain her action for divorce. The controlling statute in pertinent part provides that: "A judgment of divorce shall not be granted * * * unless the complainant or defendant has resided in this state for 180 days immediately preceding the filing of the complaint." M.C.L.A. § 552.9; M.S.A. § 25.89. There is no disagreement as to any of the underlying facts herein. Plaintiff was physically outside the State of Michigan during most of the jurisdictional period.
Because of the unusual factual circumstances of this case, past precedent does not dictate a legal result. Plaintiff and defendant had lived in Michigan for a substantial period of time. They were married in Michigan in 1972. Defendant had three children by a prior marriage, and the parties had one child by this marriage. Plaintiff and defendant apparently had separated sometime prior to the instant action and filed for divorce in Michigan. However, a reconciliation was sought and the parties moved many of their belongings to Kentucky where defendant secured employment and the parties remained for a period of time.
Plaintiff left Michigan on or about October 1, 1975, and remained in Kentucky until January 21, 1976, with the exception of a two-day trip to Michigan. Plaintiff testified that she went to Kentucky with defendant specifically at his request in order to attempt a reconciliation, which she doubted would be successful. Plaintiff testified that she did not intend to stay in Kentucky, or anywhere else, with defendant if the reconciliation was unsuccessful. Plaintiff further testified that she intended to wait and see if the marriage could be saved before considering any place for residence. Plaintiff also testified that she only remained in Kentucky after the first two or three weeks because of a desire not to leave the children without a mother and because of threats which were later made to her by defendant. Finally, however, plaintiff did return to Michigan, her "home" state after almost a four-month absence. We must decide whether this absence is a jurisdictional defect which will defeat plaintiff's action for divorce.
An older Supreme Court case would appear to require reversal of the trial court. Hoffman v. Hoffman, 155 Mich. 328, 118 N.W. 990 (1909). In Hoffman, the plaintiff, a long-time resident of Michigan, married a resident of Chicago, Illinois. Apparently plaintiff and defendant both lived with their mothers, which came to be a source of trouble. There was a dispute as to where the parties would live. Finally plaintiff-wife went to Chicago where her husband lived and subsequently moved a good deal of her household furnishings there. Shortly thereafter she returned to Michigan, however, and instituted a divorce action. The Court found that she had not resided in Michigan for the requisite period of time. The following quotation is quite revealing:
Hoffman, supra, at 330, 118 N.W. at 990.
This case, although factually similar, is necessarily distinguishable. As can be seen, Mrs. Hoffman at the time she left Michigan fully desired to live with her husband and make her home with him indefinitely and hopefully permanently. There was no indication of doubt or trouble at that time. In the instant case, plaintiff reluctantly went to Kentucky with the hope that the marital difficulties would be resolved and eventually a permanent, or at least indefinite, solution could be had. The establishment of a residence had not solidified and until such time as it did, her true residence according to her intent, remained in Michigan. We feel that the unusual facts surrounding this case require that it be distinguished from Hoffman. We do not rule that Hoffman is no longer the law, but obviously it must be considered in light of its facts and the characteristics of the time in which it was decided. Divorce rates, unfortunately, in our time have increased dramatically. Furthermore, even in a stable and healthy marriage, the residence and domicile of a wife are not necessarily the same as those of her husband. People v. Dawell, 25 Mich. 247, 263, 12 Am.Rep. 260 (1872); Napletana v. Hillsdale College, 385 F.2d 871 (CA6, 1967). Times change and this must be considered as a fact which must be taken into consideration herein. Were the facts exactly as in Hoffman, it would control. Herein, the facts are sufficiently different than those existing in Hoffman as to justify a different result.
Residence in Michigan is defined as a place of abode accompanied with the intention to remain. Hartzler v. Radeka, 265 Mich. 451, 251 N.W. 554 (1933); Reaume & Silloway, Inc. v. Tetzlaff, 315 Mich. 95, 23 N.W.2d 219 (1946). Domicile and residence in Michigan are synonymous terms. 1 Hartzler, supra, and Reaume & Silloway, supra. Today in our mobile society physical presence for a longer period of time is no longer the key factor it once was. 2
For many purposes, residence must be considered in light of a person's intent. Grable v. City of Detroit, 48 Mich.App. 368, 210 N.W.2d 379 (1973). Presence, abode, property ownership and other facts are often considered, yet intent is the key factor. This has been recognized in most jurisdictions and repeatedly cited. See Fletcher v. Fletcher, 182 Neb. 549, 156 N.W.2d 1 (1968); Julson v. Julson, 255 Iowa 301, 122 N.W.2d 329 (1963); 3 Davidner v. Davidner, 304 Minn. 491, 232 N.W.2d 5 (1975).
The record amply supports plaintiff's claim that she did not abandon her Michigan residence and establish Kentucky as her place of residence. Plaintiff testified as follows:
Furthermore, plaintiff explained her reasons for not leaving Kentucky sooner than she did.
Plaintiff did not expect the reconciliation with her husband to be successful. Nevertheless, she made an effort. Almost immediately she discovered that the reconciliation would not work. Because of fear of harm to herself and fear of the loss of her child she was unable to return to Michigan. The trial court after a hearing on the matter made a proper finding. It is important to note that defendant did not testify at the hearing nor did he offer any other...
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