Leavitt v. Vasquez

• Decision Date: 09 August 1989
• Docket Number: No. 88-2648,88-2648
• Citation: 875 F.2d 260
• Parties: Andrew LEAVITT, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Daniel B. VASQUEZ, Warden, California State Prison at San Quentin, Tamal, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 260

875 F.2d 260

Andrew LEAVITT, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Daniel B. VASQUEZ, Warden, California State Prison at San Quentin, Tamal, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 88-2648.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Feb. 13, 1989.

Decided May 25, 1989.

As Amended Aug. 9, 1989.

Carlo Andreani, San Francisco, Cal., for plaintiff-appellant.

Gerald A. Engler, Deputy Atty. Gen., San Francisco, Cal., for defendant-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.

Before CHAMBERS, SNEED and NOONAN, Circuit Judges.

SNEED, Circuit Judge:

Andrew Leavitt, a state prisoner, appeals from the dismissal of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Leavitt claims that an erroneous jury instruction on the requirements of aiding and abetting deprived him of due process of law. We affirm.

I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW

On December 1, 1980, Andrew Leavitt and his brother, David Leavitt, and two others drove to an apartment occupied by Jean Anderson and her daughter, Patricia Royane. The men allegedly came in search of Royane's son, David Anderson, Sr., and his infant son, David Anderson, Jr. They believed that David Anderson, Sr., had kidnapped the infant from its mother, Sherry Parks, who was at the time David Leavitt's girlfriend.

Andrew Leavitt and David Leavitt left the car and instructed one of the others to keep watch. The Leavitts entered the apartment concealing hatchets behind their backs. Once inside, David Leavitt killed Royane with his hatchet. Andrew Leavitt, meanwhile, overpowered Jean Anderson and struck her in the head with his hatchet. The blow cut off her ear and fractured her skull. Andrew Leavitt said: "That's for good measure and to keep you quiet." The Leavitts then left.

In California state court, Andrew Leavitt relied primarily on a defense of mistaken Andrew Leavitt petitioned the United States district court below for a writ of habeas corpus, claiming that he had received ineffective assistance of counsel and that the trial court erroneously had instructed the jury on the requirements of aiding and abetting in connection with the first degree murder charge. The district court dismissed the petition on both grounds. Leavitt appeals the district court's ruling on the jury instruction to this court.

identity. The jury, however, convicted him of (1) first degree murder with personal use of a deadly weapon; (2) assault with a deadly weapon with infliction of great bodily injury; (3) burglary with personal use of a deadly weapon with infliction of great bodily injury; and (4) mayhem with infliction of great bodily injury. The California Court of Appeal affirmed and the California Supreme Court denied review.

II. JURISDICTION AND EXHAUSTION

The district court had jurisdiction to consider Leavitt's petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254(a) (1982). Leavitt has exhausted his remedies in state court. We have jurisdiction over Leavitt's appeal under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2253.

III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review de novo the denial of a writ of habeas corpus. See Carter v. McCarthy, 806 F.2d 1373, 1375 (9th Cir.1986), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 108 S.Ct. 198, 98 L.Ed.2d 149 (1987). Leavitt's claim may be reviewed without a showing of cause and prejudice because it was not lost in the state courts because of a procedural default. See Reed v. Ross, 468 U.S. 1, 11, 104 S.Ct. 2901, 2907-08, 82 L.Ed.2d 1 (1984). We must grant Leavitt's petition unless we find that any constitutional error resulting from the challenged jury instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Willard v. California, 812 F.2d 461, 464 (9th Cir.1987).

IV. ANALYSIS

Leavitt, as noted above, asks for habeas corpus relief on the basis of an erroneous jury instruction regarding his liability for aiding and abetting his brother in the murder of Royane. Leavitt asserts that the instruction incorrectly defined the requisite mens rea for such liability as the mere "knowledge" of the wrongful purpose of the primary criminal actor, rather than an actual "intention" to facilitate his criminal conduct. Leavitt correctly points out the California Supreme Court in People v. Beeman, 35 Cal.3d 547, 560, 674 P.2d 1318, 1325, 199 Cal.Rptr. 60, 68 (1984) (in bank), held the then-current-version of CALJIC 3.01, which the trial court used in this case, defective on precisely this ground. See CALJIC 3.01 (1979) (current version at CALJIC 3.01 (1984)).

To the extent that Beeman rests on state law, we cannot examine its applicability in a habeas corpus case. See 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2254(a). We must consider, however, whether the jury instruction violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See id. Leavitt argues that such a violation occurred because due process requires a state to prove every element of crime beyond a reasonable doubt, see In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 1072-73, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970), and the jury instruction effectively allowed the government to presume intent, see Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 313, 105 S.Ct. 1965, 1970-71, 85 L.Ed.2d 344 (1985); Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 523, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 2558-59, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979).

Our decision in Willard v. California, 812 F.2d 461 (9th Cir.1987), largely governs our review of Leavitt's claim. In Willard, a California prisoner, like Leavitt, challenged his conviction using Beeman on grounds that the trial court had instructed the jury on the requirements of aiding and abetting pursuant to the defective CALJIC No. 3.01. This court held, on the basis of several federal precedents, that "due process--independent of state law--does not require that an aiding and abetting charge contain a distinct instruction regarding specific intent." Id. at 463. We also held that even if the jury instruction had violated Winship 's requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every element of a crime, the error would not require reversal. We stated: "In our view, the jury could not have found the[ ] elements of the crime without also finding that [the defendant] had the intent of committing, encouraging, or facilitating the crime. Failure to instruct on the need for specific intent was, thus, harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 464.

Leavitt, however, argues that Justice Scalia's concurring opinion in Carella v. California, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 2419, 105 L.Ed.2d 218 (1989) (per curiam), precludes our use of a harmless error analysis to avoid reaching the Winship issue. In Carella, the prosecution admittedly erred by using a mandatory presumption to convict the defendant of grand theft for failure to return a rental car. 109 S.Ct. at 2419-20. The majority remanded to the case to the state court in order to conduct a harmless error analysis. Id. at 2421. Justice Scalia, joined by three other justices, concurred in the judgment but suggested that the Court's prior opinions severely circumscribed the availability of harmless error analysis when the fact finder has never found the required element. See id. at 2422. Justice Scalia also stated that this limitation on harmless error analysis also applies to cases in which the courts instruction indorrectly describes an element of the offense. Id at 2423.

Justice Scalia did not, however, suggest that any error or this kind was reversible error. Rather, he articulated the followint test:

When the predicate facts relied upon in the instruction, or other facts necessarily found by the jury, are so closely related to the ultimate fact to be presumed that no rational jury could find those facts without also finding that ultimate fact, making those findings functionally equivalent to finding the element required to be presumed.

Id. at 2423 (emphasis added). To apply this test we must determine whether the jury by finding that Leavitt knew of his brother's criminal purpose, necessarily found that Leavitt, under the circumstances of this case, had the specific intent to facilitate David's murder of Royane.

In support of his argument that the functional equivalent of the required intent was not found by the jury, Leavitt notes that the record contains evidence showing that: (1) he accompanied his brother to Royane's apartment intending only to retrieve the allegedly adbucted infant; (2) his brother never told him that they were going to kill or attack anyone; (3) David Anderson, Sr., had a strong propensity for violence (which, Leavitt argues, shows that he and his brother carried hatchets solely to defend themselves); (4) he scarcely knew Royane; (5) he was intoxicated (and thus could not form any specific intent); and (6) he had good moral character. Leavitt also explains that his statement of Jean Anderson, whom he hit with the hatchet, shows that he intended to injure her...