Letmate v. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Civ. No. 20949.

• Decision Date: 31 March 1970
• Docket Number: Civ. No. 20949.
• Citation: 311 F. Supp. 1059
• Parties: Herbert W. LETMATE v. BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, a body corporate of the State of Maryland; and Kane Transportation (SIC) Co., Inc., a body corporate of the District of Columbia.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Maryland

311 F. Supp. 1059

Herbert W. LETMATE

v.

BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, a body corporate of the State of Maryland; and Kane Transportation (SIC) Co., Inc., a body corporate of the District of Columbia.

Civ. No. 20949.

United States District Court, D. Maryland.

March 31, 1970.

John J. Hirsch, Baltimore, Md., for plaintiff.

H. Russell Smouse and Thomas L. Samuel, Baltimore, Md., for defendant, Baltimore and O. R. R. Co.

Herbert F. Murray, Baltimore, Md., for defendant, Kane Transfer Co.

FRANK A. KAUFMAN, District Judge.

Letmate, an employee of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B & O), alleging that he was injured while assisting in the loading of certain piggyback trailers upon a railroad flat car at a B & O loading ramp located in Baltimore, Maryland when one of the trailers struck him as it was being backed into place, has instituted this personal injury suit against the B & O under the Federal Employers' Liability Act, 45 U.S.C.A. §§ 51-60. Letmate contends, inter alia, that defendant B & O negligently failed to provide him with a safe place in which to work.

Letmate has also herein named and joined as a defendant Kane Transfer Company (Kane), owner of the trailer whose driver is alleged to have negligently handled his vehicle, and to have caused injury to plaintiff, during the loading operation. Letmate is a citizen and resident of the State of Maryland. Kane, a District of Columbia corporation, has its principal place of business in Maryland. Thus, Kane is also a citizen of Maryland. 28 U.S.C.A. § 1332(c). Consequently, there is no independent jurisdictional basis for Letmate's suit against Kane, as there is, because of the existence of a federal question, in connection with Letmate's action against the B & O. However, Letmate contends that this Court also has jurisdiction over his claim against Kane pursuant to the doctrine of pendent jurisdiction, i. e., the doctrine which permits "joinder by plaintiff of multiple claims, of which one raises a federal question and thus is within the jurisdiction of the federal court, while others do not raise a federal question and lack any independent jurisdictional grounds." 1 BARRON & HOLTZOFF, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 23, p. 97 (Wright ed. 1960).

In Osborn, et al. v. Bank of United States, 9 Wheat. 738, 823, 6 L.Ed. 204, 224 (1824), Mr. Chief Justice Marshall wrote:

* * * When a question to which the judicial power of the Union is extended by the Constitution, forms an ingredient of the original cause, it is in the power of Congress to give the Circuit Courts jurisdiction of that cause, although other questions of fact or of law may be involved in it.

Subsequently, in Hurn v. Oursler, 289 U.S. 238, 245-246, 53 S.Ct. 586, 589, 77 L.Ed. 1148 (1933), Mr. Justice Sutherland stated:

But the rule does not go so far as to permit a federal court to assume jurisdiction of a separate and distinct nonfederal cause of action because it is joined in the same complaint with a federal cause of action. The distinction to be observed is between a case where two distinct grounds in support of a single cause of action are alleged, one only of which presents a federal question, and a case where two separate and distinct causes of action are alleged, one only of which is federal in character. In the former, where the federal question averred is not plainly wanting in substance, the federal court, even though the federal ground be not established, may nevertheless retain and dispose of the case upon the nonfederal ground; in the latter it may not do so upon the nonfederal cause of action. Emphases in original.

In Hurn, in which plaintiffs claimed defendants had used an idea from plaintiffs' play in defendants' play, plaintiffs' allegation of copyright infringement provided the federal question jurisdictional base. However, plaintiffs also sought to join two non-federal questions of alleged unfair competition by the same defendants, the first having to do with plaintiffs' copyrighted work, and the second, with an uncopyrighted revision by plaintiffs of that same work. There was no diversity of citizenship between plaintiffs and defendants. The Supreme Court held, inter alia, that pendent jurisdiction was present as to the first unfair competition claim because that claim arose from the same cause of action as the copyright infringement claim, but that the second unfair competition claim was unrelated to the question of copyright infringement, constituted a separate and distinct cause of action and thus did not fall within the ambit of the doctrine of pendent jurisdiction.¹ "The corollary of the rule of pendent jurisdiction is that the federal court does not have jurisdiction of a separate and non-federal cause of action merely because it is joined with a federal cause of action." 1 BARRON & HOLTZOFF, supra at 98. Thus, it logically follows that the Hurn requirement of a single cause of action has generally been held not to have been met where the defendant against whom the federal claim is directed is separate from and unrelated to the defendant against whom the non-federal claim is asserted. Wojtas v. Village of Niles, 334 F.2d 797 (7th Cir. 1964), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 964, 85 S.Ct. 655, 13 L.Ed.2d 558 (1965); New Orleans Public Belt R. Co. v. Wallace, 173 F.2d 145, 148 (5th Cir. 1949); Pearce v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 162 F.2d 524 (3d Cir. 1947), cert. denied, 332 U. S. 765, 68 S.Ct. 71, 92 L.Ed. 350 (1947); Gautreau v. Central Gulf Steamship Corporation, 255 F.Supp. 615 (E.D.La. 1966); Anderson v. United States, 217 F.Supp. 814 (E.D.Pa.1963); Howard v. United States, et al., 214 F.Supp. 263 (E.D.Tenn.1963); 3A J. MOORE, FEDERAL PRACTICE § 20:971 (1968); Pendent Federal Jurisdiction, 5 A.L.R.3d 1040, 1107 (1966); Note, The Evolution and Scope of the Doctrine of Pendent Jurisdiction in the Federal Courts, 62 Colum.L.Rev. 1018, 1027 (1962).

* * * At a minimum, the courts agree that federal and non-federal claims alleged to be but different grounds asserted in support of a single cause of action must be claims brought by the same plaintiff against the same defendant. 62 Colum.L. Rev., supra at 1027, quoted in Gautreau v. Central Gulf Steamship Corporation, supra, 255 F.Supp. at 617-618.

In Pearce v. Pennsylvania R. Co., supra, the Third Circuit held that while federal question jurisdiction existed with regard to Federal Employers' Liability Act and Safety Appliance Act claims of plaintiff, a citizen of Pennsylvania, against the defendant railroad, pendent jurisdiction was not thereby created in connection with the state common law cause of action presented against a second defendant landowner, a citizen of Pennsylvania, even though similar sets of operative facts were alleged in support of plaintiff's claims against both defendants.²

In sustaining pendent jurisdiction over a non-federal claim in Rumbaugh v. Winifrede R. Co., 331 F.2d 530 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 929, 85 S.Ct. 322, 13 L.Ed.2d 341 (1964), then Chief Judge Sobeloff, after referring to Hurn, wrote (at 539):

* * * In broad terms it the doctrine of pendent jurisdiction provides that original jurisdiction resting on the plaintiff's federal claim extends to any nonfederal claim that he may have against the same defendant provided that the federal question is substantial and the two claims together constitute a "single cause of action." Application of the doctrine is appropriate in this case. Both the federal and the nonfederal claims are asserted by the same plaintiff against the same defendant. The complaint presents one set of operative facts to support the two claims, thereby stating a "single cause of action." Footnotes omitted; emphases added.

Letmate's claim against Kane constitutes a cause of action separate and distinct from its federal claim against B & O. The doctrine of pendent jurisdiction is therefore not applicable to Letmate's suit against Kane.

Nevertheless, plaintiff suggests that the policies which underlie Federal Civil Rule 19(a)³ dictate...