Lexington Herald Leader Co., Inc. v. Tackett

• Decision Date: 24 June 1980
• Court: United States State Supreme Court — District of Kentucky
• Parties: 6 Media L. Rep. 1436 The LEXINGTON HERALD LEADER COMPANY, INC., Appellant Cross Appellee, v. Honorable Charles M. TACKETT, Judge, Fayette Circuit Court, Appellee, and The Alleged Minor Victims in Commonwealth v. Payne, Fayette Circuit Court, Intervenors Cross Appellant. The ALLEGED MINOR VICTIMS In Commonwealth v. Payne, Fayette Circuit Court, Appellants, v. The LEXINGTON LEADER COMPANY, INC. and Honorable Charles M. Tackett, Judge, Fayette Circuit Court, Appellees.

Page 905

601 S.W.2d 905

6 Media L. Rep. 1436

The LEXINGTON HERALD LEADER COMPANY, INC., Appellant Cross Appellee, v. Honorable Charles M. TACKETT, Judge, Fayette Circuit Court,

Appellee, and The Alleged Minor Victims in

Commonwealth v. Payne, Fayette Circuit

Court, Intervenors Cross Appellant.

The ALLEGED MINOR VICTIMS In Commonwealth v. Payne, Fayette

Circuit Court, Appellants, v. The LEXINGTON LEADER COMPANY, INC. and Honorable Charles M.

Tackett, Judge, Fayette Circuit Court, Appellees.

Supreme Court of Kentucky.

June 24, 1980.

Lyle G. Robey, Stoll, Keenon & Park, Lexington, for Lexington Herald Leader Co., Inc.

Charles M. Tackett, Lexington, pro se.

Kay E. Sauer and Joshua E. Santana, Terry R. Anderson, William C. Wessell, Oscar H. Geralds, Jr., Lexington, for alleged minor victims.

LUKOWSKY, Justice.

This is an appeal from the denial by the Court of Appeals of an application for relief in the nature of prohibition. The sole issue presented is whether a trial judge was proceeding erroneously when at the request of 10 male victims under the age of 12, and without objection by the defendant, he ordered the courtroom closed to the entire public and press during their testimony. The order also provided that either the tapes or transcripts of the testimony of these witnesses would be released to the public at the end of the trial. The reason given by the trial judge for his action was that "it would greatly minimize the psychological and emotional trauma to the alleged juvenile victims."

It is evident from the record that the trial judge was laudably concerned with the welfare of the minor victim's witnesses. Indeed, at first glance it does not appear that the court improperly exercised its discretion in acting to protect the minors. It is well recognized that a trial judge has inherent authority to exclude spectators from the courtroom in order to protect witnesses where, as here, there has been a finding by the court of potential harm which will result from unrestricted public attendance.

"It cannot be doubted that a trial judge has authority to exclude the young from his court room during a trial where unsavory and vulgar evidence will be produced. Also, he may protect a child witness, who from the nature of the case must testify to revolting facts, by excluding morbid, prurient, curious and sensation-seeking persons from the court room, so long as he does not abuse his discretion and deprive the accused of the right to have his family and friends present as well as a reasonable portion of the public. Such limited exclusion of people from the court room when resorted to in the exercise of a reasonable and sound discretion does not violate Sec. 11 of the Constitution granting the accused a public trial."

Beauchamp v. Cahill, 297 Ky. 505, 508, 180 S.W.2d 423, 424 (1944) (emphasis added); E. g., Johnson v. Simpson, Ky., 433 S.W.2d 644, 646 (1968); Hackett v. State, 266 Ind. 103, 360 N.E.2d 1000, 1004 (1977); People v. Jelke, 308 N.Y. 56, 123 N.E.2d 769, 772, 48 A.L.R.2d 1425 (1954). Commonwealth v. Knight, 469 Pa. 57, 364 A.2d 902, 907 (1970); United States ex rel. Smallwood v. LaValle, E.D.N.Y., 377 F.Supp. 1148, (1974), aff'd 2d Cir., 508 F.2d 837, cert. denied, 421 U.S. 920, 95 S.Ct. 1586, 43 L.Ed.2d 788 (1975). See 23 C.J.S. Criminal Law Sec. 963(3); 21 Am.Jur.2d Criminal Law Sec. 266; Annot., 48 A.L.R.2d 1436, 1450 Sec. 8.

But, upon reflection, error below becomes apparent. Public trials are highly favored in the Commonwealth. The courtroom doors may be closed to the general public only on a rare occasion after a determination that in no other way can justice be served.

"The principle that justice can not survive behind walls of silence is so deeply imbedded in our Anglo-American judicial system as to give our people in today's modern society a deep distrust of secret trials. One of the strongest demands of a democratic system is that the public should know what goes on in their courts. This demand can only be met by permitting them to be present in person and by permitting the press who have the facilities to properly inform them to be present upon their behalf. It is insisted by some the right to public trial is solely for the benefit of the criminal defendant and if he has no objection to a closed trial then the public should not be permitted to object. This contention overlooks the fact that the public is a party to all criminal proceedings. The proceeding is prosecuted in the name of the public. In our opinion there is nothing that better protects the rights of the public than their presence in proceedings where these rights are on trial. The news media should be accorded some priority in this respect for they have the facilities to disseminate the information of what transpires to a much broader audience than those who can gather in a crowded court room."

Johnson v. Simpson, supra at 646. (Citations omitted).

The most important characteristics of the judiciary are integrity and credibility. Courtrooms are kept open not so that members of the public can expose wrongdoings; rather, they are open to allow the citizens to see for themselves how their laws are impartially applied. It is to the benefit of a free society that judicial proceedings be publicly conducted. Not only are all...