Lilian Onoh v. Nw. Airlines Inc.

• Decision Date: 02 August 2010
• Docket Number: No. 09-10971.,09-10971.
• Citation: 613 F.3d 596
• Parties: Lilian ONOH, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

613 F.3d 596

Lilian ONOH, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

No. 09-10971.

United States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.

Aug. 2, 2010.

Steven W. Thornton (argued), NcCorkle, Westerburg & Thornton, Dallas, TX, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

David Arthur Skeels (argued), Jonathan Tad Suder, Friedman, Suder & Cooke, Fort Worth, TX, for Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.

Before DAVIS, SMITH and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.

HAYNES, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Lilian Onoh (“Onoh”) appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment on her state-law breach-of-contract and intentional-infliction-of-emotional-distress (“IIED”) claims against Appellee Northwest Airlines (“Northwest”). The district court found that Onoh's claims were preempted by the Airline Deregulation Act (“ADA”). We AFFIRM.

I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Onoh, a Nigerian national and diplomat, purchased a round-trip ticket from Northwest and its partner, KLM “Royal Dutch” Airlines, from Nigeria to Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (“DFW”) by way of the Netherlands. Onoh carries both a personal and a diplomatic passport, but her trip was unrelated to diplomatic business.

Onoh's return itinerary also included a stopover in Amsterdam. The Netherlands, pursuant to international agreements referred to by the parties as “the Schengen Agreements,” requires certain air passengers passing through the country to acquire an airport transit visa (“ATV”). Passengers must possess a valid ATV at the time of entry or they will not be permitted to continue on to their final destinations from the Netherlands. Carriers are responsible for verifying that international passengers have the correct travel documents under the Schengen Agreements, and they face penalties for failing to do so.

When Onoh tried to check in for her flight at DFW on December 5, 2007, an automated program informed the Northwest ticketing agent that Onoh, as a Nigerian national, needed an ATV in order to travel through Amsterdam. Because her trip was for personal reasons, Onoh presented the Northwest agent her personal passport. Her personal passport contained an ATV that was valid through December 5, 2007. But Onoh was scheduled to arrive in Amsterdam on December 6. As a result, the agent informed Onoh that she could not board the plane because she did not have an ATV that would be valid on the date she would arrive in Amsterdam. Onoh then presented her diplomatic passport and explained that, as a diplomat, she did not need an ATV. As Onoh had already stated that she was traveling for personal, rather than official, reasons, the Northwest agent declined to accept Onoh's diplomatic passport. After speaking with several additional Northwest employees, each of whom told Onoh that she could not travel without an ATV that was valid on December 6, Onoh left the airport.

Over the next several days, Onoh alleges that she spoke with a representative of the Dutch consulate who informed her that she did not need an ATV to travel through the Netherlands because she was a diplomat. She further alleges that both a Northwest customer service agent and a KLM representative also told Onoh that she did not need an ATV because of her diplomatic status. On December 6 and 9, Onoh again tried to board flights from DFW traveling through Amsterdam using her diplomatic passport. She was refused on both occasions by Northwest staff because she did not have a valid ATV. A few days later, another Northwest employee allegedly told Onoh that the United States Department of State would not allow her to fly. Onoh eventually returned to Nigeria on February 10, 2008, after securing a new ATV.

Onoh sued Northwest for discrimination under 49 U.S.C. § 40127 and for breach-of-contract and IIED under state law. Northwest filed a motion to dismiss and an alternative motion for summary judgment. Northwest claimed that Onoh had failed to state a discrimination claim and that her state-law claims were preempted by the ADA. Onoh agreed to dismiss her discrimination claim but opposed Northwest's motion on the state-law claims. The district court granted Northwest's motion for summary judgment, finding that Onoh's breach-of-contract and IIED claims were preempted by the ADA. Onoh timely appealed.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo, applying the same standard as the district court. Bolton v. City of Dallas, 472 F.3d 261, 263 (5th Cir.2006). Our inquiry “is limited to the summary judgment record before the trial court.” Martco Ltd. P'ship v. Wellons, Inc., 588 F.3d 864, 871 (5th Cir.2009). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986), and the movant has the burden of showing this court that summary judgment is appropriate. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Summary judgment is appropriate where the competent summary judgment evidence demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Bolton, 472 F.3d at 263; see Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A genuine issue of material fact exists if a reasonable jury could enter a verdict for the non-moving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).

III. DISCUSSION

The only issues before the court are: (1) whether the ADA preempts Onoh's state-law IIED claim; and (2) whether the ADA preempts Onoh's state-law breach-of-contract claim. We address each claim in turn.

A. IIED Claim

Onoh first claims that the district court erred when it concluded that her IIED claim was preempted under the ADA. Her claim arises from a conversation she had with a Northwest agent, in which the agent allegedly stated that “the U.S. State Department would not permit [her] to travel....” Onoh contends that the district court incorrectly held that this conversation and the resultant claim were sufficiently related to Northwest's provision of “services” to trigger preemption.

The preemption provision of the ADA provides that a state “may not enact or enforce a law, regulation, or other provision having the force and effect of law related to a price, route, or service of an air carrier....” 49 U.S.C. § 41713(b)(1) (2006). The Supreme Court has interpreted the preemptive effect of the ADA broadly. Any state law, including state common law, “having a connection with or reference to” airline prices, routes, or services is preempted unless the connection or reference is “too tenuous, remote, or peripheral.” Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 384, 390, 112 S.Ct. 2031, 119 L.Ed.2d 157 (1992).

In applying Morales, we have had occasion to specifically address the scope of the term “service” as used in the ADA preemption provision. In Hodges v. Delta Airlines, 44 F.3d 334 (5th Cir.1995) (en banc), we held that:

Elements of the air carrier service bargain include items such as ticketing, boarding procedures, provision of food and drink, and baggage handling, in addition to the transportation itself. These matters are all appurtenant and necessarily included with the contract of carriage between the passenger or shipper and the airline. It is these [contractual] features of air transportation that

we believe Congress intended to de-regulate as “services” and broadly to protect from state regulation.

Id. at 336 (alteration in original). The question of whether Onoh suffered an IIED when a Northwest agent prohibited her from boarding a flight on the grounds that the State Department would not permit Onoh to travel clearly falls within this definition of airline “services.” Moreover, we reject Onoh's contention that her claim is “tenuous, remote, or peripheral” with respect to Northwest's provision of “service” because it only addresses the manner in which she was refused service rather than the fact that service was refused. Northwest's decision to deny Onoh boarding cannot be divorced from its stated reasons for denying her boarding. Accordingly, Onoh's IIED claim is preempted by the ADA.

B. Breach-of-Contract Claim

Onoh next claims that the district court erred in concluding that her breach-of-contract claim is preempted by the ADA. More precisely, Onoh contends that, while her claim clearly falls within the scope of preemption discussed in Morales, she is excluded from the application of the ADA preemption provisions by the so-called “ Wolens exception.”

As Onoh contends, ADA preemption is not absolute in certain cases that would otherwise fall outside the preemptive boundaries described in Morales. Specifically, the Supreme Court has held that the ADA's preemption...