Lincoln v. Emerson

• Decision Date: 05 June 1979
• Docket Number: No. 83-78,83-78
• Citation: 404 A.2d 508,137 Vt. 301
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court
• Parties: Edward P. LINCOLN and Mary Lincoln v. Edward E. EMERSON, Edward E. Emerson, Jr., and Strafford Associates, Inc.

Page 508

404 A.2d 508

137 Vt. 301

Edward P. LINCOLN and Mary Lincoln v. Edward E. EMERSON, Edward E. Emerson, Jr., and Strafford

Associates, Inc.

No. 83-78.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

June 5, 1979.

Rice & Knosher, Montpelier, for plaintiffs.

David W. Reeves, Law Offices of Thomas P. Wright, Woodstock, for defendants.

Before BARNEY, C. J., and DALEY, LARROW, BILLINGS and HILL, JJ.

LARROW, Justice.

Plaintiffs obtained a general verdict and judgment thereon for damages occasioned by misrepresentations made in the course of a sale to them of farm premises in Randolph. Edward E. Emerson and Edward E. Emerson, Jr., against whom the judgment runs, appeal. Dismissal as to the corporate defendant, Strafford Associates, Inc., was entered during trial. Claimed errors relate to the sufficiency of the evidence to meet the "clear and convincing evidence" test, the standard of damages charged with respect to one claim of misrepresentation, and a ruling of the trial court with respect to the examination in chief of one of the individual defendants.

In early 1973, Strafford Associates, Inc., a real estate brokerage having the individual defendants as officers, advertised for sale a dairy farm in Randolph owned by them personally. Plaintiff Mary Lincoln answered the ad by phone, and Edward Emerson Jr., as arranged, showed that plaintiffs several farms, including the one in question. They bought a portion of it in April, 1973, with an option on the remainder, which they exercised in July, 1976. The claims here relate only to the 1973 purchase.

This action was begun in 1976, and, as eventually amended, the complaint contained three counts of misrepresentation. The first related to barn conditions and their cause, the second to a statement that a thirty-acre field had been reseeded, and the third to the usability of a hay field on the premises. Seemingly without objection, the case was submitted to the jury generally, without separation of the counts, interrogatories or special verdicts. Therefore, to avoid reversal, the evidence must be sufficient to support each of the claims of the plaintiffs, because otherwise the judgment could be based, in part, upon an erroneous finding. Cf. Woodmansee v. Stoneman, 133 Vt. 449, 454, 344 A.2d 26, 29 (1975) (principle applied in a criminal case).

The parties do not question the applicable rule with respect to plaintiffs' burden of proof, I. e., that fraud must be shown by clear and convincing evidence. Bardill Land & Lumber, Inc. v. Davis, 135 Vt. 81, 82, 370 A.2d 212, 213 (1977). The defendants contend, however, that appellate scrutiny requires the rejection of a claim supported only by the testimony of the plaintiffs and contradicted by that of the defendants.

Our Court does not seem to have outlined the scope of appellate review in connection with the "clear and convincing" test. And we are aware of the sharp conflict that exists in other jurisdictions. Note, Appellate Review in the Federal Courts of Findings Requiring More than a Preponderance of the Evidence, 60 Harv.L.Rev. 111 (1946). The conflict is clearly delineated in Stromerson v. Averill, 22 Cal.2d 808, 141 P.2d 732 (1943), and the dissent of Mr. Justice Traynor therein. There the majority held that the test on appellate review was whether or not there was substantial evidence to support the conclusion of the trial court, and that, present such evidence, it was for the trial court to determine whether the evidence in question was clear and convincing. Mr. Justice Traynor urged a higher standard, that of determining whether the trier of facts could reasonably conclude that it is "highly probable" that the fact exists. Id. at 817-18, 141 P.2d at 737. A third, even stricter, standard akin to that of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, also has judicial following. Under it the testimony of one witness, diametrically contradicted by that of another, is insufficient to meet the burden. Laughlin v. McConnel, 201 Pa.Super.Ct. 180, 183-84, 191 A.2d 921, 923-24 (1963). This test we reject out of hand. Fraudulent representations often rely upon confidentiality for their effectiveness; they are not made as public pronouncements. However convincing a defrauded plaintiff might be on the stand, he could not prevail, where contradicted, without corroboration. Plain justice would often be subverted, in our view, by adherence to such a standard.

Reduced to a choice between the other two alternatives, we opt for the view of the majority in Stromerson, supra. It places more reliance upon the reactions of the trier of fact with opportunity to observe and assess the testimony not found by review of an appellate record; it is relatively simple of application in a field where narrow and subtle distinctions may upset the result of a fair trial because it was not "perfect," and it is more in accord with the views we have expressed with respect to the parallel rule, in criminal cases, of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. There we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, and decide whether it fairly and reasonably supports the finding of guilt. State v. Benoit, 136 Vt. 431, 432-33, 392 A.2d 406, 407 (1978). If the trial court, with substantial evidence before it, concludes that this evidence is clear and convincing, we will not upset that finding.

The adoption of this view quickly disposes of two of defendants' contentions.

The barn here in question was being managed by a tenant, and was in deplorable condition, unclean and wet. Although disputed there was evidence from the plaintiffs that defendant Emerson, Jr., told them cleaning would remedy the conditions. In fact, this was only a partial remedy, as some of the conditions were attributable to recurrent flooding. The evidence, upon review, does not compel a conclusion that the representation was made that cleaning would be a...