Litchfield v. Crane

• Decision Date: 05 December 1887
• Citation: 31 L.Ed. 199,8 S.Ct. 210,123 U.S. 549
• Parties: LITCHFIELD, Adm'r v. CRANE, Adm'r. 1
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

8 S.Ct. 210

123 U.S. 549

31 L.Ed. 199

LITCHFIELD, Adm'r v. CRANE, Adm'r.¹

December 5, 1887.

C. H. Gatch and Wm. Connor, for plaintiff in error.

George Crane, for defendant in error.

WAITE, C. J.

This suit was brought by Edward K. Goodnow, assignee of the Iowa Homestead Company, in his life-time, against Grace H. Litchfield, in her life-time, to recover the amount of taxes for the years 1864 to 1871, both inclusive, paid by the homestead company on certain tracts of Des Moines river lands held and owned by her, by and through conveyances from the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company. For a general statement of the facts, reference is made to Stryker v. Crane, ante, 203. The taxes were paid before the decree in Homestead Co. v. Railroad, 17 Wall. 153, and the assignment was made to Goodnow afterwards. As defenses to the action, the prior adjudication in that case was pleaded in bar, and also the statute of limitations, based on the decision as to title in Wolcott v. Des Moines Co., 5 Wall. 681, the same as in Stryker v. Crane. Both these defenses were overruled by the supreme court of the state, and judgment was entered in that court for the amount of taxes paid, and interst. Goodnow v. Litchfield, 63 Iowa, 275, 19 N. W. Rep. 226. As to the federal question arising on the statute of limitations, it is only necessary to refer to what was said on that subject in Stryker v. Crane, ante, 203. There was no error in the decision of the court below on that point.

The defense of prior adjudication is disposed of by the fact that Mrs. Litchfield was not a party to the suit in which the adjudication relied on was had. At the time of the commencement of the suit, she was the owner of her lands, and they were described in the bill, but neither she nor any one who represented her title was named as a defendant. She interested herself in securing a favorable decision of the questions involved, as far as they were applicable to her own interests, and paid part of the expenses; but there was nothing to bind her by the decision. If it had been adverse to her interest, no decree could have been entered against her personally, either for the lands or the taxes. Her lands were entirely separate and distinct from those of the actual parties. A decree in favor of or against them and their title was, in no legal sense, a decree in favor of or against her. She was indirectly interested in the result, but not directly. As the questions affecting her own title and her own liability for taxes were similar to those involved in the suit, the decision could be used as a judicial precedent in a proceeding against her, but not as a judgment binding on her and conclusive as to her rights. Her rights were similar to, but not identical with, those of the persons who were actually parties to the litigation.

Greenleaf, in his treatise on the Law of Evidence, vol. 1, § 523, states the rule applicable to this class of cases thus 'Under the term parties, in this connection, the law includes all who are directly interested in the subjectmatter, matter, and had a right to make defense, or to control the proceedings, and to appeal from the judgment. This right involves also the right to adduce testimony, and to...