Little Horn State Bank v. Stops

• Decision Date: 07 October 1976
• Docket Number: No. 13338,13338
• Citation: 170 Mont. 510,555 P.2d 211,33 St.Rep. 959
• Parties: LITTLE HORN STATE BANK, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Robert STOPS and Norma Stops, Defendants and Respondents.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

Page 211

555 P.2d 211

170 Mont. 510

LITTLE HORN STATE BANK, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Robert STOPS and Norma Stops, Defendants and Respondents.

No. 13338.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted Sept. 9, 1976.

Decided Oct. 7, 1976.

Clarence T. Belue, argued, Hardin, for plaintiff and appellant.

Cate, Lynaugh, Fitzgerald & Huss, Thomas J. Lynaugh, argued, Billings, for defendants and respondents.

JAMES T. HARRISON, Chief Justice.

This is an appeal from an order entering a permanent injunction against levying or executing upon the property of respondents within the Crow Indian Reservation. The injunction was ordered in the district court of Big Horn County.

This appeal adds another chapter to the never ending story of Indian jurisdiction. The relevant facts are as follows:

Respondents, members of the Crow Indian Tribe residing on the Crow Indian Reservation, obtained a loan from appellant bank located in Hardin, Montana, and failed to repay the loan. This commercial transaction took place at the bank which is located outside the exterior boundaries of the Crow Indian Reservation. Process was served upon respondents on the reservation. Thereafter appellant obtained a judgment in the district court of the thirteenth judicial district in the amount of $3,541.24. Following this judgment on February 18, 1976, execution was issued by the district court on February 23, 1976. The writ of execution was directed to the sheriff of Big Horn County, who proceeded to garnish the wages of respondents earned on the reservation but within Big Horn County. Respondents sought and obtained injunctive relief against the writ of execution. Appellant seeks to dissolve the permanent injunction and be allowed to levy upon the respondents' property and wages within the reservation.

Respondents did not attack the district court's subject matter jurisdiction or personal jurisdiction at the district court level or before this Court. Both of these issues have been laid to rest by Mescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones, 411 U.S. 145, 147-148, 93 S.Ct. 1267, 1270, 36 L.Ed.2d 114, 119, and Bad Horse v. Bad Horse, 163 Mont. 445, 517 P.2d 893, cert. den. 419 U.S. 847, 95 S.Ct. 83, 42 L.Ed.2d 76.

A review of the district court's jurisdiction had no Indian jurisdictional dispute been involved, is useful to this decision. It has been a long standing doctrine that any court having jurisdiction to render a judgment also has the power to enforce that judgment through any order or writ necessary to carry its judgment into effect. U. S. ex rel. Riggs v. Johnson County,6 Wall. 166, 18 L.Ed. 768 (1868); Pam-to-Pee v. United States, 187 U.S. 371, 23 S.Ct. 142, 47 L.Ed. 221 (1902); Hamilton v. Nakai, 453 F.2d 152, cert. den. 406 U.S. 945, 92 S.Ct. 2044, 32 L.Ed.2d 332.

The United States Supreme Court defined 'jurisdiction' 6 Wall. 166, 18 L.Ed. at p. 773 in Riggs:

'* * * Jurisdiction is defined to be the power to hear and determine the subject matter in controversy in the suit before the court, and the rule is universal, that if the power is conferred to render the judgment or enter the decree, it also includes the power to issue proper process to enforce such judgment or decree. * * *

'Express determination of this court is that the jurisdiction of a court is not exhausted by the rendition of the judgment, but continues until that judgment shall be satisfied. * * *' (Emphasis added.)

The Montana legislature enacted section 93-1106, R.C.M.1947, which contains language analogous to this principle. We have interpreted section 93-1106 to confer upon a court having proper jurisdiction, all the means necessary to carry the same into effect, and if the court has the power to make an order, it has jurisdiction to enforce that order. State ex rel. Eisenhauer v. District Court, 54 Mont. 172, 168 P. 522.

The district court initially sought to enforce its judgment by a writ of execution pursuant to section 93-5801 et seq., R.C.M.1947. A writ of execution against property of a judgment debtor may be issued by the district court to the sheriff of any county in the state. Section 93-5809, R.C.M.1947. Thus, a district court has statewide enforcement power under that section. However, the writ must issue to the proper sheriff, since a sheriff has no authority to serve the writ outside of his county. Merchants Credit Service v. Chouteau Co. Bank, 112 Mont. 229, 114 P.2d 1074.

Absent the existence of the Crow Indian Reservation, there is no question that this writ of execution would be a valid means of enforcing the judgment of the district court. The property subject to the writ was located within Big Horn County, the writ was directed to the sheriff of Big Horn County, and all other essential elements of a valid writ of execution existed.

Respondents urge us to hold that a court having jurisdiction to render a judgment does not have the power to enforce that judgment because the property subject to such writ is located on the Crow Indian Reservation. In effect, they ask that the reservation be treated on an even par with our sister states. Such a situation would not be feasible, since the Crow Tribe does not provide for the honoring of state court judgments, nor is the full-faith and credit clause applicable to the tribe. Had the judgment debtor's property been located in a sister state, appellant bank could have obtained a judgment in that state by pleading the Montana judgment and showing the jurisdictional requirements. Such a conclusion is not available in our situation.

The task to be performed by this Court is to determine whether or not the State action taken in this case is acceptable under the doctrines concerning state jurisdiction over Indian reservations.

The United States Supreme Court has applied different rationale from time to time, and the recent court decisions must be read as a whole to arrive at the proper test to be applied in this case. The initial test was propounded in Williams v. Lee, 358 U.S. 217, 220, 79 S.Ct. 269, 271, 3 L.Ed.2d 251, 254, which stated:

* * * Essentially, absent governing Acts of Congress, the question has always been whether the state action infringed on the right of reservation Indians to make their own laws and be ruled by them.'

This test was apparently overruled by Kennerly v. District Court of Montana, 400 U.S. 423, 91 S.Ct. 480, 27 L.Ed.2d 507. However, in McClanahan v. Arizona Tax Commission, 411 U.S. 164, 179, 93 S.Ct. 1257, 1266, 36 L.Ed.2d 129, 140, 141, the Court revived the Williams test stating:

'* * * It must be remembered that cases applying the Williams test have dealt principally with situations involving non-Indians. (Citations omitted.) In these situations, both the tribe and the State could fairly claim an interest in asserting their respective jurisdictions. The Williams test was designed to resolve this conflict by providing that the State could protect its interest up to the point where tribal self-government would be affected.

'* * *

'* * * This Court has therefore held that 'the question has always been whether the state action infringed on the right of reservation Indians to make their own laws and be ruled by them."

The Court still adheres to the Williams test as evidenced by the recent decision of Fisher v. District Court of Montana, 424 U.S. 382, 96 S.Ct. 943, 47 L.Ed.2d 106 (1976), when the court applied the Williams test, even though all parties were members of the Northern Cheyenne Tribe, and the litigation arose on the reservation.

The Williams test is appropriate to review this appeal. The litigation involves a member of the Crow Tribe residing on the Crow Indian Reservation and a nonmember, located off the reservation. It is important to note that the transaction in dispute arose off the reservation. Therefore, we must determine whether state action, in the form of a writ of execution to enforce a judgment rendered on a transaction arising outside the reservation, interferes with the tribe's right to make its own rules and be governed by them.

We hold that it does not.

The cases holding that such interference has occurred present a combination of the transaction occurring on the reservation and the tribal court providing jurisdiction over such matters. In Williams the tribal court exercised jurisdiction over disputes over commercial transactions arising on the reservation between members and nonmembers. In Security State Bank v. Pierre, 162 Mont. 298, 511 P.2d 325, the tribal court provided for civil litigation between members and nonmembers. In Fisher, the most recent United States Supreme Court case so holding, the facts relating to the child custody dispute all arose on the reservation, and the Crow Tribe provided for custody litigation among members (all parties were members of the Crow Tribe). We note that in the situation at hand the Crow Tribal Court only exercises jurisdiction over civil litigation between members and nonmembers if both parties so stipulate.

However, what is in issue in this case is the enforcement of a valid judgment, not the proper court to initiate the litigation. The transaction did not occur on the reservation as in the above cases but outside the reservation boundaries. The subject matter jurisdiction was within the state court, not the tribal court. The Crow Tribe provides no means of enforcing state...