Little v. Poole

• Decision Date: 14 July 1971
• Docket Number: No. 7119SC301,7119SC301
• Citation: 11 N.C.App. 597,182 S.E.2d 206
• Court: North Carolina Court of Appeals
• Parties: Donald Eugene LITTLE, by his General Guardian, Dorothy P. Little v. Colvin Theodore POOLE and Life Insurance Company of Virginia. Dorothy P. LITTLE v. Colvin Theodore POOLE and Life Insurance Company of Virginia.

Page 206

182 S.E.2d 206

11 N.C.App. 597

Donald Eugene LITTLE, by his General Guardian, Dorothy P. Little v. Colvin Theodore POOLE and Life Insurance Company of Virginia.

Dorothy P. LITTLE v. Colvin Theodore POOLE and Life Insurance Company of Virginia.

No. 7119SC301.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

July 14, 1971.

Rufty & Rufty, Salisbury, and Perry C. Henson, Greensboro, for plaintiff appellees.

Woodson, Hudson & Busby by Max Busby, Salisbury, for defendant appellant Colvin Theodore Poole.

Kuttz & Hamlin by Lewis P. Hamlin, Jr., Salisbury, for defendant appellant Life Insurance Co. of Virginia.

GRAHAM, Judge.

We have here the unusual circumstance of a directed verdict having been entered for the plaintiff on the issue of negligence after the jury had returned a verdict answering that very issue in plaintiff's favor. It is contended that the purpose and intended effect of this procedure was to cure any errors in the judge's charge to the jury on that issue. We need not consider whether such a procedure is ever proper under Rule 50 (G.S. § 1A--1, Rule 50), because here plaintiff was not entitled to a directed verdict, whenever entered, and the court's judgment to this effect must be reversed. In Cutts v. Casey, 278 N.C. 390, 180 S.E.2d 297, Justice Sharp, speaking for the Supreme Court, stated:

'Rule 50 * * * does not purport to confer upon the judge the power to pass upon the credibility of the evidence and to direct a verdict in favor of the party having the burden of proof * * *.

(T)he judge cannot direct a verdict upon any controverted issue in favor of the party having the burden of proof 'even though the evidence is uncontradicted."

The burden of proof on the issue of negligence was on the plaintiff and it was consequently error for the court to direct a verdict in favor of plaintiff on that issue.

The court's directed verdict for plaintiff on the question of agency must be reversed for like reason. To establish the liability of an employer under the doctrine of Respondeat Superior a plaintiff has the burden of proving, not only that the employee was negligent and that his negligence was the proximate cause of the injury, but also that the relation of master and servant existed between the employer and the employee at the time of and in respect to the very transaction out of which the injury arose. Graham v. North Carolina Butane Gas Co., 231 N.C. 680, 58 S.E.2d 757, 17 A.L.R.2d 881.

Life of Virginia argues that the court erred in denying its motion for a directed verdict on the agency issue, contending that plaintiff's evidence was insufficient to support a finding of employment. Its position is that the evidence established, as a matter of law, that defendant Poole was an independent contractor rather than an employee or agent. We think that question was for the jury.

'(W)here the facts are undisputed or the evidence is susceptible of only a single inference and a single conclusion, it is a question of law for the court whether one is an employee or an independent contractor, but it is only where a single inference can reasonably be drawn from the evidence that the question of whether one is an employee or an independent contractor becomes one of law for the court.' 41 Am.Jur.2d, Independent Contractors, § 53, pp. 828, 829.

Thus, what an agreement was between the parties is ordinarily a question of fact; whereas, what relationship between the parties was created by the contract is ordinarily a question of law. Pearson v. Peerless Flooring Co., 247 N.C. 434, 101 S.E.2d 301; Beach v. McLean, 219 N.C. 521, 14 S.E.2d 515. But where a contract is in parol and its terms not clearly established, it is naturally the function of the jury to draw the necessary deductions therefrom. Embler v. Gloucester Lumber Co., 167 N.C. 457, 83 S.E. 740. Also see Lassiter v. Cline, 222 N.C. 271, 22 S.E.2d 558.

In the case at hand no employment contract was produced; however, the evidence disclosed that Poole was a licensed insurance agent employed by Life of Virginia to sell insurance and collect premiums. He was eligible for and covered by the company's retirement and insurance plans, including Workmen's Compensation. During a brief training period at the beginning of his employment, Poole received a fixed salary; thereafter he received only commissions based upon his sales and collections. Commissions were paid weekly in a single check from which the company deducted income and social security taxes. Poole was responsible for collecting premiums within a particular territory called a 'debit.' He was required to account to the company weekly for collections. The company did not furnish Poole with a car, nor did it require that he have one or reimburse him for expenses incurred in the use of his personal car. However, Poole's supervisor, as company associate manager, testified 'I would like for him to have a car. * * * I knew at all times that Mr. Poole was using his car in his collection work.' As long as Poole serviced his debit, no attempt was made by the company to regulate his hours or the territory he worked. His supervisor stated: 'As long as an agent is doing well we do not keep tabs of his interviews and sales. If he is weak we try to find out where and try to help him.' Poole spent about twenty hours a week collecting and about twenty-five or thirty hours selling. On the occasion of the collision Poole was making collection calls in his personal car.

The test for determining whether a relationship between parties is that of employer and employee, or that of employer and independent contractor, is whether the party for whom the work is being done has the right to control the worker with respect to the manner or method of doing work, as distinguished from the right merely to require certain definite results conforming to the contract. If the employer has the right to control, it is immaterial whether he actually exercises it. Pearson v. Peerless Flooring Co., Supra; Scott v. Waccamaw Lumber Co., 232 N.C. 162, 59 S.E.2d 425.

In the case of Hayes v. Board of Trustees of Elon College, 224 N.C. 11, 29 S.E.2d 137, we find listed the following indicia which ordinarily earmark one as an independent contractor rather than an employee:

'The person employed (a) is engaged in an independent business, calling, or occupation; (b) is to have the independent use of his special skill, knowledge, or training in the execution of the work; (c) is doing a specified piece of work at a fixed price or for a lump sum or upon a quantitative basis; (d) is not subject to discharge because he adopts one method of doing the work rather than another; (e) is not in the regular employ of the other contracting party; (f) is free to use such assistants as he may think proper; (g) has full control over such assistants; and (h) selects...