Lockard v. St. Maries Lumber Co.

Citation76 Idaho 506,285 P.2d 473
Decision Date23 June 1955
Docket NumberNo. 8292,8292
PartiesIn the Matter of Lloyd LOCKARD, Employee, Claimant-Appellant, v. The ST. MARIES LUMBER CO., Employer, and Fireman's Fund Indemnity Company, Surety, Defendants-Respondents.
CourtUnited States State Supreme Court of Idaho

Estes & Felton, Moscow, for appellant.

H. J. Hull & Sons, Wallace, for respondents.

TAYLOR, Chief Justice.

Appellant, a minor, 15 years of age, was injured, while employed by respondent in violation of the Child Labor Law of this state, § 44-1304, I.C., on September 8, 1952. He made no claim for compensation, but instead filed an action for damages at law. Employer and surety made application to the Industrial Accident Board for a hearing to determine their liability under the Workmen's Compensation Law. On objection of appellant, the board refused to take jurisdiction because no claim for compensation had been filed by him. On appeal this court held the employer could invoke the jurisdiction of the board, and remanded the cause for hearing and determination. Lockard v. St. Maries Lumber Co., 75 Idaho 497, 274 P.2d 995. Pursuant to the mandate, a hearing was had and award was made in appellant's favor. At the hearing appellant again objected to the jurisdiction of the board, urging that, being a minor illegally employed, he was not an 'employee' within the meaning of the compensation law, for which reason that law has no application to his case.

In addition to the question of jurisdiction, appellant assigns as error the action of the board in receiving evidence that he misrepresented his age in seeking the employment, and in finding that physically his apparent age was 18 years, justifying the presumption that he was sui juris. We will not consider these assignments for the reason that, if they were material, or constituted a defense--which we do not decide--no objection was made or urged by the employer on such grounds. The award being in favor of appellant, he was in no way injured by the evidence or the conclusion of the board thereon.

Respondents urge that the issue of the board's jurisdiction was determined upon the prior appeal, and that appellant is now precluded from again presenting the question by the doctrine of res judicata. It may well be that this cause could be disposed of in a broad application of that doctrine on the theory that if the question of the applicability of the compensation law to the case of a minor illegally employed was not, it could have been, urged upon the prior hearing. However, in view of the fact that the issue now presented does not appear to have been specifically urged, and that in some jurisdictions a minor so employed has been allowed to recover both compensation and damages, we deem it best to dispose of the question directly.

Our Workmen's Compensation Law by its terms is all inclusive. The first section provides:

'This act shall apply to all public employment as defined in section 72-103 and to all private employment not expressly excepted by the provisions of section 72-105.' § 72-101, I.C.

It is not contended that appellant's employment is excepted by the provisions of § 72-105, I.C. Rather it is urged, in his case, there was no employment because, being a minor, he could not enter into a contract of employment and hence was not an 'employee' within the meaning of the act. § 72-1011, I.C., provides:

"Workman' is used as synonymous with 'employee' and means any person who has entered into the employment of, or who works under contract of service or apprenticeship with, an employer. It does not include any person engaged in any of the excepted employments enumerated in section 72-105 unless an election as provided in said section has been filed. Any reference to a workman who has been injured shall, where the workman is dead, include a reference to his dependents as herein defined, if the context so requires, or, where the employee is a minor or incompetent, to his committee or guardian or next friend. A minor working at an age legally permitted under the laws of this state shall be deemed sui juris for the purpose of this act, and no other person shall have any cause of action or right to compensation for an injury to such minor workman except as expressly provided in this act, but in the event of a lump sum payment becoming due under this act to such minor workman, the management of the sum shall be within the probate jurisdiction of the courts the same as other property of minors.'

Under this section the relationship of employer and employee is not made to depend upon the existence of an express 'contract of service or apprenticeship', but the relationship also arises out of an implied contract and includes 'any person who has entered into the employment of * * * an employer.' Contracts of minors are not void, though subject to disaffirmance. § 32-103, I.C. Hence, the employment contract of a minor, although entered into by the employer in violation of the Child Labor Law, is not void and is sufficient to create the relationship of employer and employee under the Workmen's Compensation Law. Appellant urges that the last sentence of the above section providing that a minor working at an age legally permitted shall be deemed sui juris for the purpose of the act, limits the application of the act to minors so working. This is not a correct interpretation of the provision. It is clearly intended to mean that a minor legally permitted to work may pursue his remedies under the act without a guardian and without let or hinderance of any other person, except in the case of a lump sum payment. Applying a similar provision the Supreme Court of Arizona said:

'Actually its plain wording shows that what this section does do is to provide that legally employed minors can have their own cause of action before the Board and collect their own money and need a guardian only for lump sum settlement. We read the statute to mean that by reverse implication illegally employed minors must be represented by a guardian before the Industrial Commission at all times.' S. H. Kress & Co. v. Superior Court, 66 Ariz. 67, 182 P.2d 931, at page 936.

It is noted that the third sentence of the foregoing section, applying all references in the act, in the case of a deceased minor, to his committee, guardian or next friend, is in no way limited to minors legally employed.

A further application of the act to a minor is found in § 72-313, I.C. There it is:

'Provided, that in case of a minor, under eighteen years of age, receiving less weekly wages than paid to regular adult workmen employed in the same community or vicinity in the class of labor in which such minor was employed, the compensation provided for under this section shall be computed upon the basis of the wages received by such regular adult workman.'

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10 cases
  • Tucker v. Union Oil Co. of California
    • United States
    • United States State Supreme Court of Idaho
    • November 5, 1979
    ...Blackwell Lumber Co., 37 Idaho 707, 218 P. 356 (1923) (relating to the authority to hire and fire). See also Lockard v. St. Maries Lumber Co., 76 Idaho 506, 285 P.2d 473 (1955) (relating to the existence of an employment contract). See In re Sines, supra; Merrill v. Duffy Reed Constr. Co., ......
  • Rhodes v. Sunshine Min. Co.
    • United States
    • United States State Supreme Court of Idaho
    • July 20, 1987
    ...Blackwell Lumber Co., 37 Idaho 707, 218 P. 356 (1923) (relating to the authority to hire and fire). See also Lockard v. St. Maries Lumber Co., 76 Idaho 506, 285 P.2d 473 (1955) (relating to the existence of an employment contract). See In re Sines, supra; Merrill v. Duffy Reed Constr. Co., ......
  • Yount v. Boundary County
    • United States
    • United States State Supreme Court of Idaho
    • August 14, 1990
    ...the relationship of employer and employee depends upon a contract of hire which may be either express or implied. Lockard v. St. Maries Lumber Co., 76 Idaho 506, 285 P.2d 473; Shamburg v. Shamburg, 153 Neb. 495, 45 N.W.2d In Re Sines, 82 Idaho 527, 531, 356 P.2d 226. R. 18. Both the Lockerm......
  • Manke v. Nehalem Logging Co.
    • United States
    • Supreme Court of Oregon
    • September 11, 1957
    ...Workmen's Compensation Law, I.C. § 72-1011, in language almost indentical to Paragraph (1) of ORS 656.132, in Lockard v. St. Maries Lumber Co., 76 Idaho 506, 285 P.2d 473, 475, the court '* * * Appellant urges that the last sentence of the above section providing that a minor working at an ......
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