Lowe, In re

• Citation: 102 F.3d 731
• Decision Date: 17 December 1996
• Docket Number: No. 96-560,96-560
• Parties: 72 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1063, 69 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 44,456, 65 USLW 2424 In re Katherine Susan LOWE, Petitioner.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (4th Circuit)

Page 731

102 F.3d 731

72 Fair Empl.Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1063,

69 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 44,456, 65 USLW 2424

In re Katherine Susan LOWE, Petitioner.

No. 96-560.

United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.

Argued Oct. 30, 1996.

Decided Dec. 17, 1996.

ARGUED: Harvey Leroy Kennedy, Kennedy, Kennedy, Kennedy & Kennedy, L.L.P., Winston-Salem, NC, for Petitioner. James Walker Williams, Roberts & Stevens, P.A., Asheville, NC, for Respondents. ON PLEADINGS: Harold L. Kennedy, III, Kennedy, Kennedy, Kennedy & Kennedy, L.L.P., Winston-Salem, NC, for Petitioner.

Before MURNAGHAN, NIEMEYER, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges.

OPINION

DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge:

In this case, a federal district court attempted to reconsider its order remanding a case to the state court, after entry of that order. The entry of the remand order divested the federal court of jurisdiction, even though no certified copy of the order was mailed to the state court. Accordingly, we grant mandamus relief and direct that this case be returned to the state court.

I.

In May 1995, Katherine Lowe sued her employer, Wal-Mart Stores, and two Wal-Mart managers in the Superior Court of Buncombe County, North Carolina. Lowe alleged Wal-Mart wrongfully discharged her in violation of public policy because she accused one of the managers of sex discrimination; she further alleged that both the corporation and the two managers tortiously interfered with her contractual rights.

On June 15, 1995, Wal-Mart and the managers removed the case to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (1994) and 28 U.S.C. § 1441(c) (1994). Lowe urged the court to remand, pointing out that one of the Wal-Mart managers was, like Lowe, a resident of North Carolina, defeating complete diversity of citizenship. Agreeing that there was incomplete diversity between the parties, and therefore that the court lacked "jurisdiction over the subject matter of this controversy," Magistrate Judge Davis (now retired) remanded the case back to state court. ¹ The remand order was entered on the district court's docket on August 25, 1995. Although the mailing certificate indicated by means of a "cc:" notation that the district court clerk had sent a copy of the order to the state court, the copy that the state court received lacked the blue backing stating that it was "certified."

On March 7, 1996, another magistrate judge granted the motion for reconsideration by Wal-Mart and the managers, which had been filed August 23, 1995, and in which they asserted that joinder of the North Carolina resident as a defendant was fraudulent. The magistrate judge denied Lowe's motion to remand. Lowe amended her complaint, and again filed a motion to remand, which the court again denied. Lowe then moved to have the district court certify the issue for interlocutory appeal. After the district court refused to do so, Lowe petitioned for a writ of mandamus to this court. She asks that we order the district court to return her case to the state court. ²

II.

Wal-Mart urges us to deny the petition for writ of mandamus, reminding us that mandamus is a drastic remedy to be used only in extraordinary circumstances. Mandamus is, in fact, a special remedy, only warranted in exceptional cases. Kerr v. United States Dist. Court, 426 U.S. 394, 402, 96 S.Ct. 2119, 2123-24, 48 L.Ed.2d 725 (1976). However, the Supreme Court and this court have long recognized that circumstances such as those before us present a proper case for use of that remedy. That a court operate solely within its statutory jurisdiction is one of the most fundamental premises of our judicial system. See Roche v. Evaporated Milk Ass'n, 319 U.S. 21, 26, 63 S.Ct. 938, 941, 87 L.Ed. 1185 (1943) (noting that "traditional use of the writ in aid of appellate jurisdiction both at common law and in the federal courts has been to confine an inferior court to a lawful exercise of its prescribed jurisdiction"). If Lowe cannot petition for mandamus, she "has no other avenue of relief; [she] will be prejudiced in a way not correctable on appeal since [she] will have been forced to endure proceedings in a court that lacks jurisdiction." Seedman v. United States Dist. Court, 837 F.2d 413, 414 (9th Cir.1988) (per curiam).

In sum, Lowe's petition alleges that the district court had no jurisdiction to reconsider its remand order. Remedying this type of unlawful exercise of jurisdiction, when it occurs, is a traditional, appropriate use of the writ. See, e.g., Three J Farms, Inc. v. Alton Box Bd. Co., 609 F.2d 112, 116 (4th Cir.1979), cert. denied 445 U.S. 911, 100 S.Ct. 1090, 63 L.Ed.2d 327 (1980) (granting writ); Seedman, 837 F.2d at 414 (granting writ); In re La Providencia Dev. Corp., 406 F.2d 251, 253 (1st Cir.1969) (granting writ).

III.

Since mandamus is a proper remedy if we find that the district court acted beyond its jurisdiction, we turn to the principal issue in this appeal: whether the district court exceeded its jurisdiction when it reconsidered its remand order, after the entry of that order but before the clerk sent a certified copy of the order to the state court.

A federal statute governs this question, 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) and (d) (1994). Subsection (c) provides in pertinent part:

If at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded. An order remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal. A certified copy of the order of remand shall be mailed by the clerk to the clerk of the State court. The State court may thereupon proceed with such case.

28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). Subsection (d) provides the bar to reviewing such remand orders:

An order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise....

§ 1447(d).

Indisputably, "otherwise" in § 1447(d) includes reconsideration by the district court. See Three J Farms, 609 F.2d at 115 ("Unquestionably, the statute not only forecloses appellate review, but also bars reconsideration of such an order by the district court."); La Providencia, 406 F.2d at 253 ("Both [district and appellate court review] are foreclosed; nothing could be more inclusive than the phrase 'on appeal or otherwise.' ").

There are a few exceptions to the general rule that remand orders are not reviewable. For example, remand orders in civil rights cases are reviewable, see 28 U.S.C. §§ 1443, 1447(d), and remand orders in certain other cases are reviewable under the rationale set forth in Thermtron Products v. Hermansdorfer, 423 U.S. 336, 345-52, 96 S.Ct. 584, 590-94, 46 L.Ed.2d 542 (1976). The Thermtron doctrine holds that remand orders that do not rely on factors enumerated in § 1447(c), i.e., a "defect in removal procedure" or the "lack[ ][of] subject matter jurisdiction," are not subject to the § 1447(d) bar to review. See Thermtron, 423 U.S. at 345-52, 96 S.Ct. at 590-94. See also Mangold v. Analytic Servs., 77 F.3d 1442, 1450-51 (1996) (Phillips, J., concurring specially and delivering opinion for court on jurisdiction) (detailing current Thermtron jurisprudence). None of these exceptions are applicable here. This is not a civil rights case and the Thermtron doctrine does not apply here because this case was remanded for a reason authorized by § 1447(c)--lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

The only question remaining, then, is to identify when a court's decision to remand becomes unreviewable. Lowe claims that the district court lost jurisdiction to reconsider its remand order when it filed or entered that order. Wal-Mart asserts that the district court still retains jurisdiction to reconsider its remand order and will not lose jurisdiction until it sends a certified copy of its order to the state court.

Subsection 1447(d) provides only that a remand "order" may not be reviewed; it does not condition reviewability on any other event. Thus, the plain language of subsection (d) indicates that a court may not reconsider its decision to remand, as soon as it formalizes that decision in an "order." Subsection 1447(c) supports this interpretation. It directs the district court clerk to mail a "copy" of the remand order to the state court, certainly implying that the order itself, the document § 1447(d) tells us is unreviewable, is in existence before the time of the mailing. ³

The general rule prohibiting review of remand orders has been a part of American jurisprudence for at least a century. See Thermtron, 423 U.S. at 343, 96 S.Ct. at 589. In discussing a statutory predecessor of § 1447(d), the Supreme Court noted that the intent of such a rule is "to suppress further prolongation of the controversy by whatever process." In re Pennsylvania Co., 137 U.S. 451, 454, 11 S.Ct. 141, 142, 34 L.Ed. 738 (1890). Thus, this nonreviewability rule rests on a "policy of not permitting interruption of the litigation of the merits of a removed cause by prolonged litigation of questions of jurisdiction of the district court to which the cause is removed." United States v. Rice, 327 U.S. 742, 751, 66 S.Ct. 835, 839, 90 L.Ed. 982 (1946). "Removal in diversity cases, to the prejudice of state court jurisdiction, is a privilege to be strictly construed;" for this reason, in deciding whether to remand, "[t]he district court has one shot, right or wrong." La Providencia, 406 F.2d at 252-53. This policy is, of course, entirely consistent with a rule that remand orders become nonreviewable as soon as entered.

"Logic also indicates that it should be the action of a court (entering an order of remand) rather than the action of a clerk (mailing a certified copy of the order) that should determine the vesting of jurisdiction." Van Ryn v. Korean Air Lines, 640 F.Supp. 284, 285 (C.D.Cal.1985). To hold otherwise would impermissibly elevate substance over form. One party should not arbitrarily receive a second opportunity to make its arguments...