Lumber Industry Pension v. WARM SPRINGS

• Decision Date: 02 January 1990
• Docket Number: No. CIV.S-88-1218 RAR.,CIV.S-88-1218 RAR.
• Citation: 730 F. Supp. 324
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of California
• Parties: LUMBER INDUSTRY PENSION FUND, Plaintiff, v. WARM SPRINGS FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES, Defendant.

730 F. Supp. 324

LUMBER INDUSTRY PENSION FUND, Plaintiff, v. WARM SPRINGS FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES, Defendant.

No. CIV.S-88-1218 RAR.

United States District Court, E.D. California.

January 2, 1990.

Robert A. Gordon, Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro, San Francisco, Cal., for plaintiff.

Dennis C. Karnopp, Marceau, Karnopp, Petersen, Noteboom & Hubel, Bend, Or., for defendant.

ORDER

RAMIREZ, District Judge.

By motion filed January 26, 1989, defendant WARM SPRINGS FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES seeks dismissal of the underlying action, arguing that plaintiff LUMBER INDUSTRY PENSION PLAN's complaint is barred by the doctrine of Indian sovereign immunity and, in the alternative, that the federal statute under which plaintiff filed its suit is inapplicable to the defendant enterprise. The matter came on for hearing during this court's regularly scheduled law and motion calendar for March 6, 1989. By order filed April 11, 1989, the court found, without prejudice, that the defendant was not immune from suit under the doctrine of sovereign immunity;¹ however, with respect to the applicability of ERISA to the defendant, the court directed the parties to file additional briefing.

Having now reviewed the supplemental pleadings, and being mindful of the prior argument, the court issues the following memorandum opinion which, together with its previous order of April 11, 1989, is intended to resolve the remaining issues raised by defendant's motion.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff LUMBER INDUSTRY PENSION FUND is the administrator of a multi-employer pension plan established in accordance with the Labor Management Relations Act ("LMRA") 29 U.S.C. § 141 et seq. and the Employment Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA") 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. The pension plan requires employers who have entered into collective bargaining agreements with local lumber industry unions to contribute a certain sum of money on behalf of each employee who was hired under the agreement.

Defendant WARM SPRINGS FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES (hereinafter "WSFPI") is an Indian owned and operated lumber mill, existing on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation.² The reservation itself is inhabited by a confederation of three separate tribes governed by a single tribal council. The tribal council established WSFPI under its corporate charter in 1967.

In its operation as a commercial enterprise, WSFPI signed a collective bargaining agreement with a local union which requires it to make pension contributions to the plaintiff's fund. In November of 1987, however, WSFPI ceased making pension fund payments for those employees who were also tribal members.³ In a letter to the fund, WSFPI explained that a recent ordinance to the tribes' retirement income plan mandated that tribal members receive at least the same level of benefits and plan flexibility under any pension plan of the tribes' business enterprises as they would receive under the tribal plan. The letter went on to indicate that a review of the Lumber Industry Pension Plan revealed that continuing contributions to the plan would violate the recent ordinance.

When the defendant WSFPI discontinued making pension contributions, plaintiff Lumber Industry Pension Fund filed this action to collect the amount due. Defendant moves to dismiss the action on the ground that ERISA is not applicable to the confederated tribes and its enterprises.

DISCUSSION

The court begins by noting the uniquely limited nature of Indian sovereignty: "it exists only at the sufferance of Congress and is subject to complete defeasance." United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313, 323, 98 S.Ct. 1079, 1086, 55 L.Ed.2d 303 (1978). See also, Rice v. Rehner, 463 U.S. 713, 719, 103 S.Ct. 3291, 3296, 77 L.Ed.2d 961 (1983). Nevertheless, Indian tribes remain "`distinct, independent political communities, retaining their natural rights' in matters of local self government." Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49, 55, 98 S.Ct. 1670, 1675, 56 L.Ed.2d 106 (1978), citing Worcester v. Georgia, 6 Pet. 515, 559, 8 L.Ed. 483 (1832). Thus, as a separate people, Indians retain "the power to make their own substantive law in internal matters, and to enforce that law in their own forums." Martinez, 436 U.S. at 55-56, 98 S.Ct. at 1675 (citations omitted).

Given the nature of Indian sovereignty, the court must determine whether ERISA, a "comprehensive and reticulated statute" of general application, Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 451 U.S. 504, 510, 101 S.Ct. 1895, 1899, 68 L.Ed.2d 402 (1981) (citations omitted), applies to defendant WSFPI. Specifically, the court must determine whether Congress, invested as it is with the plenary power to limit or completely divest the sovereignty of Indian tribes, intended, by its silence, to exclude WSFPI from the scope of ERISA.

The general rule regarding the applicability of federal laws to Indian tribes was enunciated by the Supreme Court in Federal Power Comm'n v. Tuscarora Indian Nation, 362 U.S. 99, 116, 80 S.Ct. 543, 553, 4 L.Ed.2d 584 (1960). The Court stated that "a general statute in terms applying to all persons includes Indians and their property interests." Although the Ninth Circuit has noted that the language in Tuscarora is dictum, it has also stated that "it is dictum that has guided many of our decisions." Donovan v. Coeur d'Alene Tribal Farm, 751 F.2d 1113, 1115 (9th Cir. 1985). In fact, in answer to the defendant's argument that the court should adopt the brightline rule that federal laws will not apply to Indians and tribes unless expressly provided by Congress, the Ninth Circuit has specifically held that "federal laws generally applicable throughout the United States apply with equal force to Indians on reservations." United States v. Farris, 624 F.2d 890, 893 (9th Cir.1980). See also Donovan v. Coeur d'Alene Tribal Farm, 751 F.2d 1113, 1116 (9th Cir.1985) (stating that the Ninth Circuit has "not adopted the proposition that Indian tribes are subject only to those laws of the United States expressly made applicable to them.")

Nevertheless, three important exceptions exist to the general proposition that federal laws of universal applicability apply to Indian tribes. In particular, in Coeur d'Alene, 751 F.2d at 1116, the Ninth Circuit stated:

A federal statute of general applicability that is silent on the issue of applicability to Indian tribes will not apply to them if: (1) the law touches "exclusive rights of self-governance in purely intramural matters"; (2) the application of the law to the tribe would "abrogate rights guaranteed by Indian treaties"; or (3) there is proof "by legislative history or some other means that Congress intended the law not to apply to Indians on their reservations...." quoting Farris, 624 F.2d at 893-94. In any of these situations, Congress must expressly apply a statute to Indians before we will hold that it reaches them.

Although defendant WSFPI contends that ERISA is inapplicable to its enterprise under all three of above-named exceptions, the court specifically finds that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction because ERISA touches "exclusive rights of self-governance" and will thus limit the remainder of its discussion to that exception.

In Coeur d'Alene, the Ninth Circuit held that the Occupational Health and Safety Act ("OSHA"), 29 U.S.C. § 651 et seq., applied to a tribal farm wholly owned and operated by the Coeur d'Alene Indian Tribe. The Tribe argued that the application of OSHA regulations and their attendant influence on the commercial activity of the farm interfered with the tribe's self-government, thus requiring a clear expression of intent from Congress. The court rejected defendant's argument as too broad, reasoning that the application of OSHA regulations was no more intrusive to the farm than the imposition of federal taxes — a federal regulation which the Ninth Circuit has already held applies to tribal commercial activities without a clear expression of that intent from Congress. Id. at 1116, citing Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon v. Kurtz, 691 F.2d 878 (9th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 460 U.S. 1040, 103 S.Ct. 1433, 75 L.Ed.2d 792 (1983). Specifically, the court in Coeur d'Alene stated:

We believe that the tribal self-government exception is designed to except purely intramural matters such as conditions of tribal membership, inheritance rules, and domestic relations from the general rule that otherwise applicable federal statutes apply to Indian tribes. See Farris, 624 F.2d at 893.

The operation of a farm that sells produce on the open market and in interstate commerce is not an aspect of tribal self-government.

Id. at 1116.

Presented as it is with merely a partial list of what constitutes "purely intramural matters" of self-government, the court is obviously left with the task of determining whether ERISA touches exclusive rights of self-governance. In this regard, plaintiff argues that ERISA, like OSHA, does not touch the aspects of sovereignty mentioned by the court in Coeur d'Alene. In equating the two federal statutes, plaintiff ignores several essential differences between the two statutory schemes. OSHA regulations, which are designed to "assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful working conditions ...", 29 U.S.C. § 651(b)(1982), are confined to the conditions and implements of the commercial enterprise itself. ERISA, on the other hand, primarily regulates employee welfare benefit plans.⁴ Its effects, therefore, extend well beyond the activity of the business enterprise and into the retirement years of tribal employees. Moreover, whereas OSHA can work in conjunction with tribal attempts to improve health and safety at the work place, the implementation of ERISA could, as with the matter at bar, contravene the tribal attempt at governing its own pension system. Finally, to whatever extent the court in Coeur d'Alene meant to implicate the effective allocation of...