Lyles v. State of NY

• Decision Date: 30 November 2004
• Docket Number: No. 105774,Claim No. 105774.,105774
• Citation: 787 N.Y.S.2d 216,3 N.Y.3d 396,820 N.E.2d 860
• Parties: ARTEMUS LYLES, Appellant, v. STATE OF NEW YORK, Respondent.
• Court: New York Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

3 N.Y.3d 396

820 N.E.2d 860

787 N.Y.S.2d 216

ARTEMUS LYLES, Appellant, v. STATE OF NEW YORK, Respondent. (Claim No. 105774.)

Court of Appeals of the State of New York.

Argued October 13, 2004.

Decided November 30, 2004.

New York Civil Liberties Union Foundation, New York City (Arthur N. Eisenberg of counsel), for appellant.

Eliot Spitzer, Attorney General, Albany (Denise A. Hartman, Caitlin J. Halligan, Daniel Smirlock and Peter H. Schiff of counsel), for respondent.

Chief Judge KAYE and Judges G.B. SMITH, ROSENBLATT, GRAFFEO, READ and R.S. SMITH concur.

OPINION OF THE COURT

CIPARICK, J.:

This claim against the State of New York to recover damages for alleged violations of state and federal constitutional rights arose out of an early morning State Police traffic stop on March 27, 1999. Claimant Artemus Lyles was driving home from Westchester County in a 1986 Cadillac that he had recently purchased at an auction. As he traveled on Interstate 287, two New York State Troopers pulled him over explaining that his vehicle's exhaust pipe was emitting fumes. During the stop, the State Troopers issued claimant a ticket for the offense and conducted a consent search of his person. One of the troopers searched his car without his consent. Nothing remarkable was discovered and, after detaining claimant for an hour and twenty minutes, the State Troopers permitted him to drive away.

Shortly thereafter, the same officers stopped claimant a second time for driving with an obstructed windshield. They detained him for another hour during which a State Police sergeant arrived at the scene. According to claimant, he was handcuffed and made to open the car trunk for inspection. A search of its contents revealed only lawful items, which were allegedly thrown onto the road before being returned to the trunk. No ticket was issued and claimant was eventually allowed to leave.

On June 22, 1999, claimant served a timely notice of intention to file a claim for damages against the State. Detailing the incident, the notice set forth causes of action for unreasonable search and seizure, assault and battery, false imprisonment, denial of equal protection, and intentional and negligent injury to property. The claim was not served upon the Attorney General's office until March 18, 2002, and was filed with the Court of Claims on March 19, 2002. It sought damages exclusively for federal and state constitutional violations (see Brown v State of New York, 89 NY2d 172, 183 [1996] [concluding that "claims against the State based upon violations of the State Constitution come within the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims"]; see also Martinez v City of Schenectady, 97 NY2d 78 [2001]

). Specifically, the claim alleged that the search and seizure of claimant's person and vehicle violated the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and article 1, § 12 of the New York State Constitution. Claimant further alleged that the State Troopers' conduct was racially motivated and violated the Equal Protection clauses of the Federal and State Constitutions (see US Const 14th Amend § 1; NY Const, art I, § 11).

The State moved to dismiss the claim on the ground that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction because claimant failed to file his claim within the jurisdictional time limitations of Court of Claims Act § 10. In opposition, claimant essentially argued that section 10 governs only the filing deadlines for traditional common-law torts, not constitutional torts. He urged the court to determine the timeliness of his claim based on the statute of limitations period set forth in CPLR 213 (1), proposing a six-year limitations period for state constitutional claims and a three-year limitations period for federal constitutional claims.

The Court of Claims granted the State's motion and dismissed the claim. The Appellate Division affirmed, holding that state constitutional tort claims cannot be maintained where alternative common-law tort remedies exist for the alleged wrongs. It further held that the Court of Claims properly dismissed the federal constitutional claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The court explicitly declined to address "the issue of the applicable statute of limitations" (2 AD3d 694, 696 [2003]). Claimant appeals to this Court as a matter of right, and we now affirm the order of the Appellate Division on different grounds.

The dispositive issue here is whether, under the terms of the waiver of sovereign immunity found in Court of Claims Act § 8, the State retained its immunity as to this claim because claimant failed to comply with the time limitations set forth in Court of Claims Act § 10. We conclude that the State retained its immunity and therefore that the claim was properly dismissed.

Preliminarily, a distinction must be drawn between statutes of limitation generally and the filing limitations of the Court of Claims Act. It is well settled that statutes of limitation are designed to promote justice by preventing the revival of stale claims (see Blanco v American Tel. & Tel. Co., 90 NY2d 757, 773 [1997] [citation omitted]). The primary purpose of a limitations period, we have noted, is to ensure fairness to a defendant (see Flanagan v Mount Eden Gen. Hosp., 24 NY2d 427, 429 [1969]). The time limitations in the Court of Claims Act, however, are distinctly concerned with the subject matter jurisdiction of the Court of...