MacPherson v. Weiner

• Decision Date: 30 October 2008
• Docket Number: No. 2007–808.,2007–808.
• Citation: MacPherson v. Weiner, 959 A.2d 206, 158 N.H. 6 (N.H. 2008)
• Court: New Hampshire Supreme Court
• Parties: Rita MacPHERSON v. Jay S. WEINER.

158 N.H. 6

959 A.2d 206

Rita MacPHERSON

v.Jay S. WEINER.

No. 2007–808.

Supreme Court of New Hampshire.

Submitted: Sept. 16, 2008.

Opinion Issued: Oct. 30, 2008.

Rita MacPherson, by brief, pro se.

Troy Watts, of North Woodstock, and Neil F. Faigel, of Andover, Massachusetts, by brief, for the defendant.

DUGGAN, J.

The defendant, Jay S. Weiner, appeals an order of the Hampton District Court (Frasier, J.) granting the request by the plaintiff, Rita MacPherson, to extend a final protective order for an additional five years. See RSA 633:3–a, III-c (2007). We affirm.

The record reveals the following. On September 22, 2005, the plaintiff obtained a final protective order against the defendant. On January 3, 2006, the plaintiff filed a statement with the police, claiming that the defendant went to her place of employment and also made telephone calls to her parents and to her place of employment. On June 3, 2006, a witness observed the defendant at the plaintiff's residence. A complaint filed on June 6, 2006, alleged that the defendant drove by the plaintiff's residence seven times. The defendant was subsequently convicted of violating the protective order. On August 30, 2006, the district court extended the order for one year. There is no evidence that the defendant violated the protective order during that year. On August 28, 2007, the plaintiff requested, and the trial court granted, a five-year extension. The defendant requested a hearing. See RSA 633:3–a, III-c.

At the hearing, the defendant represented, and the plaintiff did not dispute, that he had complied with the protective order since June 2006. The plaintiff informed the trial court that she requested an extension because the defendant had violated the prior orders.

The trial court issued a written order, granting the plaintiff's request for a five-year extension, stating: "An important factor in the Court finding plaintiff is entitled to have the order extended is that the defendant did previously on June 5, 2006 violate a previous order then in effect, [d]efendant's claim he has not contacted plaintiff in over a year is not a reason to deny [p]laintiff's request or her fear of defendant."

On appeal, the defendant raises four issues: (1) whether the plaintiff submitted sufficient evidence of "good cause" to support the extension; (2) whether an incident that occurred fifteen months prior to the plaintiff's request for extension is sufficient to satisfy the "good cause" standard; (3) whether the district court unsustainably exercised its discretion in granting the extension; and (4) whether RSA 633:3–a, III-c is void for vagueness as it relates to the phrase "good cause," and therefore violates the defendant's due process rights.

The defendant's arguments as to sufficiency of the evidence are intertwined with questions of statutory interpretation regarding the "good cause" standard in RSA 633:3–a, III-c. Specifically, the defendant points out that it is undisputed that he has complied with the protective order since June 2006, and argues that violation of a protective order fifteen months prior to a request for an extension is insufficient as a matter of law to meet the standard of "good cause." We, therefore, begin our analysis with a discussion of RSA 633:3–a, III-c.

RSA 633:3–a, III-c provides:

Any order under this section shall be for a fixed period of time not to exceed one year, but may be extended by order of the court upon a motion by the plaintiff, showing good cause, with notice to the defendant, for one year after the expiration of the first order and thereafter each extension may be for up to 5 years, upon the request of the plaintiff and at the discretion of the court. The court shall review the order, and each renewal thereof and shall grant such relief as may be necessary to provide for the safety and well-being of the plaintiff.

(Emphasis added.)

Interpretation of a statute is a question of law, which we review de novo. Upton v. Town of Hopkinton, 157 N.H. 115, 118, 945 A.2d 670 (2008). When examining the language of the statute, we ascribe the plain and ordinary meaning to the words used. Fisher v. Minichiello, 155 N.H. 188, 191, 921 A.2d 385 (2007). We interpret legislative intent from the statute as written and will not consider what the legislature might have said or add language that the legislature did not see fit to include. Id. We interpret a statute to lead to a reasonable result and review a particular provision, not in isolation, but together with all associated sections. Appeal of N.H. Troopers Assoc., 145 N.H. 288, 290, 761 A.2d 486 (2000).

Initially, we discuss the meaning of "good cause." RSA 633:3–a, III-c permits the court to extend a final protective order initially for one year. Thereafter "each extension may be for up to 5 years" upon a showing of "good cause." RSA 633:3–a, III-c. RSA 633:3–a does not define "good cause." But see In re Alexander Grant & Co., 820 F.2d 352, 356 (11th Cir.1987) (good cause is "difficult to define in absolute terms, [but] it generally signifies a sound basis or legitimate need to take judicial action"). It is, however, a common legal term. E.g., Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(c) ( "The court may, for good cause, issue an order to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense."); RSA 12–E:5, II (2003) ("When a petition for a hearing has been made, and good cause has been shown therefor, the commissioner shall set a time and place for a hearing."); RSA 29:12, I (2000) (abatement of interest on taxes where good cause shown); RSA 30–B:21 (2000) (transfer to another department of corrections where good cause shown); Curras v. Unemployment Appeals Com'n, 841 So.2d 673, 674 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.2003) (to receive unemployment compensation one must show good cause to quit); 7–Eleven, Inc. v. Dar, 325 Ill.App.3d 399, 258 Ill.Dec. 826, 757 N.E.2d 515, 522 (2001) ("Termination of a franchise must be supported by good cause.").

The defendant points to RSA 633:3–a, III-a, which references RSA chapter 173–B, and argues that we should apply the principles articulated in Tosta v. Bullis, 156 N.H. 763, 943 A.2d 824 (2008), in construing the term "good cause." See RSA 633:3–a, III-a (remedy for stalking petitions look to domestic violence petition remedy); RSA ch. 173–B (2002 & Supp. 2007) (domestic violence petitions). In Tosta, we reiterated that "we have required that the threshold misconduct prompting a domestic violence petition be neither ‘too distant in time’ nor ‘non-specific.’ " Tosta, 156 N.H. at 767, 943 A.2d 824 (quoting Fillmore v. Fillmore, 147 N.H. 283, 286, 786 A.2d 849 (2001) ). Although we agree with the defendant that the trial court should consider these factors, we disagree that they are the only factors that define "good cause" within RSA 633:3–a, III-c. Furthermore, unlike in Tosta, where the misconduct occurred nine months prior and the plaintiff chose to stay with the defendant following the misconduct, see Tosta, 156 N.H. at 768, 943 A.2d 824, the plaintiff here has refrained from intentional contact with the defendant. The link between the abuse and the petition in Tosta was "attenuated at best." Id. Here, the defendant's past acts of violating the court order are the reason for the extension. Thus, any analogy to Tosta is misplaced.

We interpret "good cause" in context by considering the statute as a whole. RSA 633:3–a, III-a provides that "[a] person who has been the victim of stalking as defined in this section may seek relief by filing a civil petition," and "the court shall grant such relief as is necessary to bring about a cessation of stalking." See RSA 173–B:5, I(a) (Supp.2007) (providing procedures for protective orders). The initial objective is to ensure the stalking ends. In addressing any extension, RSA 633:3–a, III-c provides that the court may extend the protective order on a "showing [of] good cause ... to provide for the safety and well-being of the plaintiff." Thus, whether "good cause" exists directly relates to the safety and well-being of the plaintiff. For a showing of "good cause," the trial court must therefore assess whether the current conditions are such that there is still a concern for the safety and well-being of the plaintiff. To do so, the trial court must review the circumstances of the original stalking and any violation of the order. The trial court should also take into account any present and reasonable fear by the plaintiff. Where the trial court determines that the circumstances are such that, without a protective order, the plaintiff's safety and well-being would be in jeopardy, "good cause" warrants an extension.

We next address whether the trial court's finding was based upon sufficient evidence. The defendant makes two claims: (1) as a matter of law there was insufficient evidence because he had not violated the protective order during the one-year extension; and (2) on these particular facts, his behavior for the previous fifteen months did not warrant an extension. We reject both arguments.

On appeal, we review sufficiency of the evidence claims as a matter of law and uphold the findings and rulings of the trial court unless they are lacking in evidential support or tainted by error of law. Fisher, 155 N.H. at 190, 921 A.2d 385. We accord considerable weight to the trial court's judgments on the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given testimony. Id.

As to the defendant's argument that there was insufficient evidence as a matter of law, the defendant's compliance with the order over the previous fifteen months does not bar an extension. If we adopted the defendant's interpretation, any acts amounting to stalking, see RSA 633:3–a, II, regardless of how severe, would result in a protective order "not to exceed one year," RSA 633:3–a, III-c, provided the defendant did not violate the order. This interpretation is flawed. If the legislature intended to allow for an extension only when there was a...