Mandro v. Vibbert

• Decision Date: 05 November 1948
• Docket Number: No. 5784.,5784.
• Parties: MANDRO v. VIBBERT et al.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

170 F.2d 540 (1948)

MANDRO v. VIBBERT et al.

No. 5784.

United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit.

November 5, 1948.

Robert Lewis Young, of Richmond, Va. (John G. May, Jr., of Richmond, Va., T. Stokeley Coleman, of Spotsylvania, Va., and Albert Rathblott, of New York City, on the brief), for appellant.

Aubrey R. Bowles, Jr., of Richmond, Va., (Bowles, Anderson & Boyd, of Richmond, Va., on the brief), for appellees.

Before PARKER, Chief Judge, and SOPER and DOBIE, Circuit Judges.

DOBIE, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal from a verdict directed in favor of the defendants in an action wherein it was alleged that the defendants negligently caused the death of Michael Mandro, plaintiff's decedent. The facts, briefly, are these. On August 2, 1946, Mandro, driving a motorcycle, was following a car operated by Mrs. Anna Vibbert, one of the defendants and the wife of the other. Both vehicles were proceeding southward on U. S. Highway 1, near Fredericksburg, Virginia. For a distance of a mile or so and immediately prior to the accident, the motorcycle was following the Vibbert car at a distance apart of approximately 16 feet, both travelling at a speed of about 25 miles per hour. The Vibbert car, then, either slowed or stopped suddenly on the highway, whereupon Mandro's motorcycle crashed into the rear of the automobile and Mandro was fatally injured. There is conflict in the testimony on several material points, principally whether or not Mrs. Vibbert in any way signalled her intention to slow or stop as is required by statute, and whether or not Mandro was maintaining such a lookout as is required of all drivers upon the highways.

At the close of the plaintiff's case, the trial judge granted defendants' motion for a directed verdict, expressly refusing to find one way or the other on the issue of defendants' primary negligence, and basing his ruling solely on a finding that, as a matter of law, plaintiff's decedent, Mandro, was contributorily negligent. The question here presented, then, is well defined: Was this a proper case for a directed verdict on the issue of the following driver's contributory negligence?

At the outset it is well to recall the settled rule that in considering a motion for a directed verdict the evidence must be considered in its aspect most favorable to the party against whom the motion is made, with every fair and reasonable inference which the evidence justifies. Gunning v. Cooley, 281 U.S. 90, 94, 50 S.Ct. 231, 74 L.Ed. 720; Myers v. American Well Works, 4 Cir., 114 F.2d 252, 253, certiorari denied 313 U.S. 563, 61 S.Ct. 842, 85 L.Ed. 1522; Harris v. United States, 4 Cir., 70 F.2d 889, 890.

The evidence offered by the plaintiff to establish his case was admittedly scant, consisting principally of the testimony of a Miss Bullock, the only eyewitness to the accident other than the actual participants. She testified positively that the Vibbert car came to "a sudden stop" on the highway, and that Mrs. Vibbert gave no hand signal of her intention to stop. It was Miss Bullock's testimony that tended to establish, also, the distance between the car and the motorcycle as having been about 16 feet. Her testimony is somewhat weakened when it is considered that she was some 350 feet from the collision point, and was almost directly behind the vehicles involved. However, it cannot be said that her testimony was thus so discredited that the jury would not have been justified in finding the facts as she related them.

There was also evidence of statements made by Mrs. Vibbert immediately after the accident; but Mrs. Vibbert was then somewhat hysterical, she was incoherent and her memory was faulty as to what she did or failed to do just before the collision. At the trial, she was called by the plaintiff as an adverse witness. Questioned again about her use of a hand signal, she stated simply that she did not remember and she was unable to state positively at just what point of time she had observed Mandro in her rear view mirror.

The evidence suggests two ways in which Mandro might have been contributorily negligent: (1) that he was following at an unsafe distance; and (2) that he was failing to maintain a proper watch.

In considering the distance at which Mandro was following the Vibbert car, in connection with the question of his contributory negligence, we are concerned primarily with two sections of the Virginia Motor Vehicle Code. Virginia Code, 1942, § 2154 (119) provides:

"The driver of a motor vehicle shall not follow another more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard to the speed of both vehicles and the traffic upon, and conditions of, the highway at the time."

Section 2154(122) requires that a driver who intends to start, stop or turn from a direct line shall give the proper hand signal continuously for a distance of at least fifty feet before commencing such action. These two sections, together, create reciprocal duties on the part of lead and following drivers. Stallard v. Atlantic Greyhound Lines, 169 Va. 223, 229, 192 S.E. 800, 802, quoting 42 C.J. 948; Cardell v. Tennessee Electric Power Co., 5 Cir., 79 F.2d 934.

While the section requiring a hand signal of Mrs. Vibbert's intention to stop does not, of course, excuse any failure by Mandro to exercise the care required of...