Manhani v. Barr
| Decision Date | 25 November 2019 |
| Docket Number | No. 17-72231,17-72231 |
| Parties | Baldev Singh MANHANI, Petitioner, v. William P. BARR, Attorney General, Respondent. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit |
Cornell Kirby, Seattle, Washington, for Petitioner.
Laura Halliday Hickein, Trial Attorney; Shelley R. Goad, Assistant Director; Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; for Respondent.
Before: Richard R. Clifton and Sandra S. Ikuta, Circuit Judges, and Jed S. Rakoff,** District Judge.
Baldev Singh Manhani petitions for review of the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") denying him a waiver of deportation under the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA") § 237(a)(1)(H), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(H). Manhani argues that the Immigration Judge’s ("IJ") uncontested finding that he filed a frivolous asylum application does not bar him from receiving such a waiver under INA § 208(d)(6), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6). We disagree.
Section 1158(d)(6) states:
If the Attorney General determines that an alien has knowingly made a frivolous application for asylum and the alien has received the notice under paragraph (4)(A), the alien shall be permanently ineligible for any benefits under this chapter, effective as of the date of a final determination on such application.
INA § 208(d)(6), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6). Manhani does not contest the IJ’s finding that he knowingly filed a frivolous asylum application. Rather, he contends that filing a frivolous asylum application renders him ineligible for asylum benefits only, not all immigration benefits. This case thus raises the question of the meaning of the phrase "this chapter" in § 1158(d)(6). We conclude that "this chapter" refers to Chapter 12 of Title 8 of the U.S. Code, the chapter in which the section is found. Therefore, as a result of the frivolous asylum application finding, Manhani is barred from receiving all benefits under the INA, including a waiver of deportation. Accordingly, we deny the petition for review.
Baldev Singh Manhani is a native and citizen of India who first entered the United States in 1998. In 1999, Manhani filed an asylum application under a false name, "Sukhdev Singh," and a false date of birth. In 2002, Manhani withdrew this application and was granted voluntary departure by an IJ. Manhani then entered Canada and filed a Canadian asylum application under his real name. This application contained different facts from those listed in the 1999 U.S. application. The Canadian asylum application was denied in 2003.
In 2004, Manhani again entered the United States and was stopped by immigration officials. The former Immigration and Naturalization Service issued him a notice to appear charging him with removability under INA § 212(a)(6)(A)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Manhani submitted a second U.S. asylum application at this time, using his real name, but omitting any reference to his previous U.S. asylum application under the name "Sukhdev Singh." Based on this second application, Manhani was granted asylum in 2005, and became a lawful permanent resident in 2008.
In 2013, Manhani provided his legal permanent resident card to U.S. immigration officials at the Canadian border. At the time, there was a "lookout" in the computer system noting that the information for Manhani matched that of "Sukhdev Singh." In the sworn interview that followed, Manhani admitted to submitting the false 1999 asylum application. DHS then issued a notice to appear charging Manhani with removal under INA § 212(a)(6)(C)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i). DHS later amended the charge to removal under INA § 237(a)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(A), INA § 212(a)(6)(C)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i), and INA § 212(a)(7)(A)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i).
In 2016, the IJ issued a written decision finding that Manhani filed a frivolous asylum application and holding that he was thus barred from receiving benefits under the INA. On appeal, the BIA adopted and affirmed the IJ’s decision. The BIA wrote that Manhani had not meaningfully contested either his removability or the IJ’s determination that he filed a frivolous asylum application and held those issues to be waived. The BIA only addressed the issue of whether the frivolous asylum application finding precluded Manhani from seeking a § 1227(a)(1)(H) waiver, and concluded that, under § 1158(d)(6), Manhani was permanently ineligible for "any benefit under the Act." Manhani filed this petition for review in August 2017.
Section 1158(d)(6) states that "[i]f the Attorney General determines that an alien has knowingly made a frivolous application for asylum ... the alien shall be permanently ineligible for any benefits under this chapter." INA § 208(d)(6), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6). Manhani contends that the phrase "this chapter" in § 1158(d)(6) refers to something other than Chapter 12 of Title 8 of the U.S. Code, the chapter in which the section is found. We are not persuaded by this argument, as the plain language of the Act, our precedent, and that of other circuits do not support it.
The provision in question is found in Part I (Selection System) of Subchapter II (Immigration) of Chapter 12 (Immigration and Nationality) of Title 8 (Aliens and Nationality) of the U.S. Code. The INA covers all of Chapter 12 of Title 8 of the U.S. Code, running from section 1101 to section 1537. INA, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101 – 1537. The phrase "this chapter" most clearly refers to a chapter level division, rather than a subchapter or section level one. Thus, the organization of the Code demonstrates that "this chapter" refers to all of Chapter 12 and consequently the entirety of the INA.
This court has consistently interpreted the phrase "this chapter" in the INA to refer to Chapter 12 of Title 8 of the U.S. Code. For example, in interpreting 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5), which states "the alien is not eligible and may not apply for any relief under this chapter," we noted that " ‘this chapter’ refers to chapter 12 of title 8 of the U.S. Code." See Perez-Guzman v. Lynch , 835 F.3d 1066, 1072 (9th Cir. 2016). Similarly, in reading 8 U.S.C. § 1101(b) which states "[a]s used in subchapters I and II of this chapter," this court altered the quotation to read "[a]s used in subchapters I and II of this chapter [i.e., chapter 12]." See Montero-Martinez v. Ashcroft , 277 F.3d 1137, 1145 (9th Cir. 2002) ().
More specifically, we have consistently read the phrase "this chapter" in § 1158(d)(6) as referring to Chapter 12 of Title 8 in its entirety. This court has noted that a "determination that an applicant filed a frivolous asylum application renders the applicant permanently ineligible for immigration relief." Kalilu v. Mukasey , 548 F.3d 1215, 1217 (9th Cir. 2008) (per curiam). Likewise, we have previously upheld a BIA determination that a frivolous asylum application created a statutory bar against a petitioner receiving an adjustment of status or a § 212(I) waiver. See Kulakchyan v. Holder, 730 F.3d 993, 995 (9th Cir. 2013) (per curiam). These decisions demonstrate that the phrase "this chapter" refers to Chapter 12 in its entirety, and that a frivolous asylum application finding bars a petitioner from receiving all benefits under the chapter.
Finally, other circuits have also consistently followed this understanding. Multiple circuits have read the phrase "this chapter" in other sections of the INA, notably § 1231(a)(5), to refer to Chapter 12 of Title 8 of the U.S. Code. See, e.g., Garcia v. Sessions , 856 F.3d 27, 32 (1st Cir. 2017), cert. denied , ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S. Ct. 2652, 201 L.Ed.2d 1051 (2018) (); Cazun v. Atty. Gen. U.S. , 856 F.3d 249, 254 (3d Cir. 2017), cert. denied sub nom. Cazun v. Sessions , ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S. Ct. 2648, 201 L.Ed.2d 1049 (2018) (); Mejia v. Sessions , 866 F.3d 573, 580 (4th Cir. 2017) (). Other circuits have also specifically read the phrase "this chapter" in § 1158(d)(6) to refer to Chapter 12 in its entirety, with the result that a frivolous asylum application finding leads to a bar on all immigration benefits. See, e.g., Liu v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice , 455 F.3d 106, 112 (2d Cir. 2006) (); Muhanna v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 582, 588 (3d Cir. 2005) (); Scheerer v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 445 F.3d 1311, 1317 (11th Cir. 2006) (); Alexandrov v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 395, 397 n. 1 (6th Cir. 2006) ().
Given the plain language of the Code, our precedent, and that of other circuits it is clear that the phrase "this chapter," as used in § 1158(d)(6), refers to Chapter 12 of Title 8 of the U.S. Code. Consequently, the IJ’s unchallenged determination that Manhani filed a frivolous asylum...
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