Manno v. Gutierrez

• Decision Date: 29 March 2006
• Docket Number: No. 2005 CA 0476.,2005 CA 0476.
• Citation: 934 So.2d 112
• Parties: Marie H. MANNO and Joseph R. Manno v. Hilario M. GUTIERREZ, Cristobal Zavala, Illinois National Insurance Company, Matthew D. Cieslak, Michael B. Cieslak, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, John C. Zeringue III, D.L. Peterson Trust and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Louisiana — District of US

934 So.2d 112

Marie H. MANNO and Joseph R. Manno v. Hilario M. GUTIERREZ, Cristobal Zavala, Illinois National Insurance Company, Matthew D. Cieslak, Michael B. Cieslak, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, John C. Zeringue III, D.L. Peterson Trust and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company.

No. 2005 CA 0476.

Court of Appeal of Louisiana, First Circuit.

March 29, 2006.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

Faye D. Morrison, Taylor, Wellons, Politz & Duhe, Baton Rouge, for Plaintiffs-Appellants Marie and Joseph Manno.

Michael P. Colvin, Judson G. Banks, Hannah, Colvin & Pipes, Baton Rouge, for Defendant-Appellant State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co.

Keith S. Giardina, Baton Rouge, for Defendants-Appellees John C. Zeringue III, D.L. Peterson Trust, and Liberty Mutual Ins. Co.

Before: PARRO, McDONALD, and HUGHES, JJ.

PARRO, J.

In this case arising out of an automobile/pedestrian accident, two parties appeal the trial court's granting of a motion for summary judgment in favor of three other parties, dismissing them from the litigation. Based on our de novo review of the record, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

This case arises out of two successive incidents on I-10 between Lafayette and Baton Rouge. It was a rainy morning with intermittent heavy downpours and poor visibility. Dr. Marie H. Manno was driving her pickup truck westbound toward Lafayette, when a truck towing another truck jackknifed and blocked both westbound travel lanes directly ahead of her. The truck that jackknifed was owned by Cristobal Zavala, was being driven by Hilario M. Gutierrez, and was insured by Illinois National Insurance Co. To avoid hitting the jackknifed trucks, Dr. Manno veered left into the median, slid across it and both eastbound lanes, and came to rest on the grass beyond the paved shoulder of eastbound I-10 facing oncoming traffic. Dr. Manno then got out of her truck and walked behind it along the paved shoulder; some personal items had fallen out of the truck bed and were strewn across the median and highway. She had just retrieved her husband's jacket and was standing on the shoulder when she was struck by another vehicle.

The car that hit Dr. Manno was owned by the D.L. Peterson Trust (the Peterson Trust), operated by John C. Zeringue III,¹ and insured by Liberty Mutual Insurance Company (Liberty Mutual). Realizing there was some kind of problem on the roadway ahead of him, Zeringue had slowed and eventually stopped alongside another vehicle (the Schultz vehicle) that was stopped or nearly stopped in the left or inside eastbound lane. Matthew Cieslak, a following motorist, was traveling near the speed limit in the eastbound left lane. When Cieslak saw cars ahead of him blocking both lanes of the highway, he braked, skidded or hydroplaned on the wet surface, and moved to the right. Cieslak struck Zeringue's car, pushing it first into the Schultz vehicle and then into Dr. Manno. Cieslak's car was insured by State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company.

Dr. Manno and her husband, Joseph R. Manno, sued all the above-described parties except Schultz, claiming their negligence combined to cause her injuries and their damages. Zeringue, the Peterson Trust, and Liberty Mutual (the Zeringue defendants) filed a motion for summary judgment, alleging Zeringue owed no duty to protect Dr. Manno from the negligence of other parties and that he was not himself negligent.² Zeringue claimed in his deposition that he saw brake lights ahead of him and a vehicle facing him on the right shoulder, so he slowed as he approached the site. When he got near a vehicle that was stopped in the left lane, he saw an elderly woman walking on the right shoulder toward the roadway ahead of him. Zeringue said he stopped alongside the other vehicle in order to avoid hitting her in the event she stepped into the eastbound lane. He did not move onto the shoulder because of the woman's position immediately ahead of him and to his right. Ten to fifteen seconds after he stopped, before he could fully assess the situation or even put on his emergency flashers, Zeringue saw a fast-approaching vehicle in his rear-view mirror. Immediately thereafter, Cieslak hit the left rear of Zeringue's vehicle. As a result, Zeringue's car spun and "t-boned" the vehicle on his left, and then was shoved forward into the woman, who ended up on the right eastbound lane of I-10 after the impact.

After reviewing the evidence and arguments, the court agreed with the Zeringue defendants and rendered summary judgment in their favor, dismissing them from the lawsuit. The court designated the judgment as final and immediately appealable, finding there was no just cause for delay, in accordance with LSA-C.C.P. art. 1915.³ The Mannos and State Farm appealed, contending summary judgment was not appropriate, because genuine issues of material fact remain as to Zeringue's fault or negligence, such that reasonable jurors could find that Zeringue was at least partly at fault in causing Dr. Manno's injuries and resultant damages.

APPLICABLE LAW

Summary judgments are reviewed on appeal de novo, with the appellate court using the same criteria that govern the trial court's determination of whether summary judgment is appropriate. Smith v. Our Lady of the Lake Hosp., Inc., 93-2512 (La.7/5/94), 639 So.2d 730, 750. The motion should be granted if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with any affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact and that mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. LSA-C.C.P. art. 966(B).

The initial burden of proof is on the moving party. However, on issues for which the moving party will not bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party's burden of proof on the motion is satisfied by pointing out to the court that there is an absence of factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse party's claim, action, or defense. Thereafter, the nonmoving party must produce factual support sufficient to establish that it will be able to satisfy its evidentiary burden of proof at trial; failure to do so shows that there is no genuine issue of material fact. LSA-C.C.P. art. 966(C)(2); Washauer v. J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 03-0642 (La.App. 1st Cir.4/21/04), 879 So.2d 195, 197. Because it is the applicable substantive law that determines materiality, whether or not a particular fact in dispute is material can be seen only in light of the substantive law applicable to the case. Davis v. Specialty Diving, Inc., 98-0458, 98-0459 (La.App. 1st Cir.4/1/99), 740 So.2d 666, 669, writ denied, 99-1852 (La.10/8/99), 750 So.2d 972.

Louisiana courts have adopted a duty-risk analysis in determining whether to impose liability under the general negligence principles of Louisiana Civil Code article 2315. For liability to attach under a duty-risk analysis, a plaintiff must prove five separate elements: (1) the defendant had a duty to conform his or her conduct to a specific standard of care (the duty element); (2) the defendant failed to conform his or her conduct to the appropriate standard of care (the breach of duty element); (3) the defendant's substandard conduct was a cause in fact of the plaintiff's injuries (the cause in fact element); (4) the defendant's substandard conduct was a legal cause of the plaintiff's injuries (the scope of protection element); and (5) actual damages (the damage element). Pinsonneault v. Merchants & Farmers Bank & Trust Co., 01-2217 (La.4/3/02), 816 So.2d 270, 275-76. Duty is a question of law. The inquiry is whether a plaintiff has any law—statutory, jurisprudential, or arising from general principles of fault—to support his or her claim. Bowman v. City of Baton Rouge/Parish of East Baton Rouge, 02-1376 (La.App. 1st Cir.5/9/03), 849 So.2d 622, 627, writ denied, 03-1579 (La.10/3/03), 855 So.2d 315. When no factual dispute exists and no credibility determinations are required, the legal question of the existence of a duty is appropriately addressed by summary judgment. Boland v. West Feliciana Parish Police Jury, 03-1297 (La.App. 1st Cir.6/25/04), 878 So.2d 808, 816, writ denied, 04-2286 (La.11/24/04), 888 So.2d 231. However, breach of duty, cause in fact, and actual damages are all factual issues. Snearl v. Mercer, 99-1738 (La.App. 1st Cir.2/16/01), 780 So.2d 563, 574, writs denied, 01-1319 (La.6/22/01), 794 So.2d 800 and 01-1320 (La.6/22/01), 794 So.2d 801. Where there are concurrent causes of an accident, the proper inquiry is whether the conduct in question was a substantial factor in bringing about the accident. Whether the defendant's conduct was a substantial factor in bringing about the harm, and thus, a cause in fact of the injuries, is a factual question to be determined by the fact finder. Bonin v. Ferrellgas, Inc., 03-3024 (La.7/2/04), 877 So.2d 89, 94.

ANALYSIS

We note that all parties acknowledge that Zeringue had a duty to exercise due care to avoid colliding with any pedestrian upon any roadway and to exercise proper precautions upon observing any confused person upon a highway. See LSA-R.S. 32:214. In addition, Dr. Manno and State Farm suggest that Zeringue also had a duty to avoid blocking the interstate highway, particularly when the road conditions and visibility were poor. The law provides that every motorist has a duty to maintain a proper lookout for hazards which, by the use of ordinary care and observation, he should be able to see in time to avoid. Mack v. Transport Ins. Co., 577 So.2d 112, 118 (La.App. 1st Cir.1991). Therefore, it appears that the legal issue as to whether Zeringue had any duty under these circumstances has already been answered in the affirmative, and the only questions left for determination are factual issues, such as whether he breached those duties and whether his actions were a substantial factor in bringing about the harm, that are inappropriate for summary...