Manus v. Trans States Airlines, Inc., 5-02-0134.

• Court: Illinois Supreme Court
• Writing for the Court: Kuehn
• Citation: Manus v. Trans States Airlines, Inc., 835 N.E.2d 70, 359 Ill.App.3d 665 (Ill. 2005)
• Decision Date: 01 July 2005
• Docket Number: No. 5-02-0134.,5-02-0134.
• Parties: Kathy MANUS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TRANS STATES AIRLINES, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

835 N.E.2d 70

Kathy MANUS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TRANS STATES AIRLINES, INC., Defendant-Appellee.

No. 5-02-0134.

Appellate Court of Illinois, Fifth District.

July 1, 2005.

John Womick, Womick Law Firm, Chtd., Carbondale, for Appellant.

James B. Bleyer, Bleyer and Bleyer, Marion; Curtis R. Picou, Carl W. Lee, Gundlach, Lee, Eggmann, Boyle & Roessler, Belleville, for Appellee.

Justice KUEHN delivered the opinion of the court:

The plaintiff, Kathy Manus, filed suit against the defendant, Trans States Airlines, Inc., in the circuit court of Williamson County, Illinois. After a trial, a jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendant. On appeal, the plaintiff raises the issue of whether the trial court committed reversible error by not properly instructing the jury on the duty owed by the defendant. We affirm.

FACTS

The plaintiff filed suit against the defendant and alleged injuries incurred at the Williamson County airport on July 2, 1998. The plaintiff alleged that she had injured herself exiting an airplane. According to the plaintiff, when the airplane door opened, stairs extended into place and a stool was placed at the bottom of the steps by an agent of the defendant. The plaintiff alleged that she injured herself when she fell and landed on the tarmac as she was attempting to step on the stool. She alleged that it was the defendant's policy to have an employee positioned at the base of the staircase to assist exiting passengers and that there was no employee positioned there at the time of her fall.

The plaintiff presented testimony from Mike Comer, an employee of the defendant. Comer testified that at the time of the incident he was assigned the task of standing at the base of the staircase. Comer testified that he was not at the base of the staircase when the plaintiff fell. Instead, Comer was walking towards the terminal and turned around to see the plaintiff fall.

The court presented instructions concerning the duty the defendant owed to the plaintiff. The jury was given the defendant's modified instruction based upon Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 100.01 (1995):

"At the time of the occurrence in question, the Defendant, Trans States Airlines, Incorporated, was a common carrier. A common carrier is not a guarantor of its passengers' safety, but it has a duty to its passengers to use the highest degree of care consistent with the mode of conveyance used and the practical operation of its business as common carrier by air. Its failure to fulfill this duty is negligence."

The plaintiff tendered the following definition:

"When I use the term `highest degree of care,' I mean extraordinary care, care more than the ordinary. It means the same as the greatest care or utmost care."

The court rejected the plaintiff's tendered instruction. The jury rendered a verdict in favor of the defendant. The plaintiff appeals.

ANALYSIS

The plaintiff claims that the trial court erred in its instructions regarding the standard of care owed by the defendant. The court presented the defendant's pattern instruction on the duty of a common carrier to a passenger. Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 100.01 (1995) (hereinafter IPI Civil (1995)). Supreme Court Rule 239(a) requires the use of pattern instructions unless a court determines that an instruction does not accurately state the law. 177 Ill.2d R. 239(a); Schultz v. Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 Ill.2d 260, 273, 266 Ill.Dec. 892, 775 N.E.2d 964, 972 (2002).

Specifically, the plaintiff contends that the trial court should have separately instructed the jury on the definition of "highest degree of care," as the court typically does in "ordinary care" situations pursuant to IPI Civil (1995) No. 10.02.

This court has previously found there was no need to define "highest degree of care." Lockett v. Board of Education for School District No. 189, 198 Ill.App.3d 252, 267, 144 Ill.Dec. 536, 555 N.E.2d 1055, 1065 (1990). In Lockett, a child was injured when he was struck by glass after an object was thrown at an open window of a school bus. The jury was instructed that the defendant owed a duty to exercise the highest degree of care. The plaintiffs contended that "highest degree of care" was a technical legal term that required a definition to be presented to the jury. Lockett, 198 Ill.App.3d at 267, 144 Ill.Dec. 536, 555 N.E.2d at 1065. The court concluded:

"The term `highest degree of care' as used in the instruction given to the jury is not so technical or arcane as to require explanation. Any attempt to further define or explain the term would have quite possibly led to confusion and error. Accordingly, it is our opinion that the court did not err in refusing plaintiffs' tendered instruction." Lockett, 198 Ill.App.3d at 267, 144 Ill.Dec. 536, 555 N.E.2d at 1065.

In essence, the plaintiff does not contend that the issue instruction was incorrect, only that the instructions were incomplete. The standard for deciding whether the trial court abused its discretion is whether, taken as a whole, the instructions fairly, fully, and comprehensively apprised the jury of the relevant legal principles. Schultz, 201 Ill.2d at 273-74, 266 Ill.Dec. 892, 775 N.E.2d at 972-73. A court is to give nonpattern instructions when the pattern instructions do not contain a proper instruction on a subject. Mikus v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 312 Ill.App.3d 11, 32, 244 Ill.Dec. 499, 726 N.E.2d 95, 111 (2000).

The plaintiff contends that the inherent contradiction and error contained in the instructions is its use of the term "highest degree of care." The plaintiff contends that the failure to define the term misled the jury into concluding that the defendant's duty, in effect, was the same as in a typical negligence claim. The jury was instructed that the defendant had a duty to use the highest degree of care and that a failure to fulfill this duty would be negligence. IPI Civil (1995) No. 100.01. The phrase "highest degree of care" was not defined. The plaintiff contends this is misleading considering that negligence is usually understood to consist of a duty to exercise ordinary care. The jury was not instructed on the issue of ordinary care.

The standard of care for a carrier is not ordinary care. Under Illinois law, a common carrier for hire owes a duty to exercise the highest degree of care for its passengers. Katamay v. Chicago Transit Authority, 53 Ill.2d 27, 29, 289 N.E.2d 623, 625 (1972); Cooper v. Bi-State Development Agency, 158 Ill.App.3d 19, 24-25, 110 Ill.Dec. 257, 510 N.E.2d 1288, 1292 (1987). As a result of the unique control it possesses over the safety of its passengers, a common carrier owes its passengers the highest degree of care consistent with the mode of conveyance adopted and the practical operation of its business. De Bello v. Checker Taxi Co., 8 Ill.App.3d 401, 405, 290 N.E.2d 367, 370 (1972).

We believe that the plaintiff's counsel did not veer from standard pattern instructions in order to enlighten the jury with a better, or even more complete, statement of the law. His version was simply another statement of the same law, worded differently to suit him. Apparently, he felt that his modification of a well-settled instruction would pave an easier path to a favorable verdict, a path already made simple, albeit not a foregone conclusion, by the duty instruction that he attempted to alter. We find nothing incomplete in the pattern instruction on a common carrier's duty of care. The term "highest degree of care" needs no further definition. Care described in that fashion is conceivably more care than "extraordinary care." While "utmost care," "greatest care," or even quintessential care might offer appropriate synonyms for "highest degree of care," the adjectives are superfluous. There can be no amount of care higher than the highest degree of care.

Further adjectives were simply unnecessary to a proper understanding that common carriers shoulder a heightened duty of due care to the traveling public. Moreover, there was another reason for Judge Speroni's adherence to the standard instruction and his rejection of the modified instructions tendered by the plaintiff. In addition to his desire to use extra adjectives to describe the duty of care, the plaintiff's counsel wanted the last sentence of IPI Civil (1995) No. 100.01 to read, "Its failure to use this degree of care would be a breach of its duty."

While the language of the proposed modification is a correct statement, we are unable to discern, nor have we been told during this appeal, how the proposed alteration of the pattern instruction would better explain the law to the jury. This additional proffered instruction was a part of the equation that resulted in an adherence to the pattern instruction.

The plaintiff argues that providing only the pattern instruction on the issue would confuse the jury. Somehow, the jury would believe that the defendant only owed an ordinary duty of care when it was told that a failure to exercise the highest degree of care would be negligence. We fail to understand how a plaintiff could complain about an instruction that tells jurors that a defendant must exercise the highest degree of care towards the plaintiff or be guilty of negligence. We find no basis to conclude that the instruction as given did not fairly, fully, and comprehensively apprise the jury of the relevant legal principles.

The plaintiff also argues that defense counsel engaged in inappropriate conduct during closing argument by injecting statements of personal beliefs and opinions. Generally speaking, the injection of such statements is improper. See Ryan v. Blakey, 71 Ill.App.3d 339, 27 Ill.Dec. 540, 389 N.E.2d 604 (1979).

Specifically, defense counsel likened the plaintiff's attorney to a used-car salesman, to which there was no objection. Additionally, there was a reference to defense counsel's own experience in twisting an ankle during...