Marriage of Moore, In re

• Decision Date: 09 December 1980
• Citation: 169 Cal.Rptr. 619,113 Cal.App.3d 22
• Parties: In re the MARRIAGE of David C. MOORE and Masako Moore. David C. MOORE, Respondent, v. Masako MOORE, Appellant. Civ. 18465.
• Court: California Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

Page 619

169 Cal.Rptr. 619

113 Cal.App.3d 22

In re the MARRIAGE of David C. MOORE and Masako Moore.

David C. MOORE, Respondent, v. Masako MOORE, Appellant.

Civ. 18465.

Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 1, California.

Dec. 9, 1980.

As Modified Dec. 22, 1980.

Margaret V. Turney, National City, for appellant

Mathews, Bergen & Potash and Howard K. Potash, San Diego, for respondent.

WORK, Associate Justice.

Masako Moore appeals portions of a judgment of dissolution terminating her 17-year marriage to David.

The specific issue we address is whether the court abused its discretion in finding Masako knowingly waived her right to spousal support, to any community interest in David's vested military retirement benefits, and to receive attorney's fees in this dissolution. We find a clear abuse of discretion and remand with directions.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

While in the military, David married Masako, a Japanese citizen, in Tokyo, Japan, May 9, 1958. Seventeen years, three days later, the parties separated, signing a separation agreement May 29, 1975 at the U.S. Naval Legal Services offices, Yokosuka, Japan. Neither party was represented by an attorney at that time. Among other matters the agreement purported to divide all property of the marriage, called for payment of spousal support to Masako for two years, her "waiver" of interest in David's vested military retirement and of any right to recover attorney's fees in connection with any "divorce, dissolution or separate maintenance."

In accordance with previously made plans, Masako and the minor child of the parties promptly moved to California, David and Masako's home from time to time during the marriage. Once here she found employment as a waitress and seamstress, the only occupations her lack of education and training allowed her to obtain.

Two years later David followed and filed the present action. Masako countered with a motion to set aside the separation agreement on the grounds of extrinsic fraud and reconciliation. Citing her inadequate command of English, the failure of any person to explain the nature and extent of her possible community interest in the military retirement, and her lack of intent to relinquish any support rights, Masako asked the court to find no waiver.

At time of trial, three years after separation, Masako was working three nights a week earning $320 a month gross. The court denied her motion and found her execution of the agreement to be a knowing waiver although Masako got a far less than equal portion of the community property. ¹

We examine the evidence in accordance with well recognized principles.

Waiver requires a voluntary act, knowingly done, with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely consequences. (Roberts v. Superior Court, 9 Cal.3d 330, 343, 107 Cal.Rptr. 309, 508 P.2d 309.) There must be actual or constructive knowledge of the existence of the right to which the person is entitled. (In re Walker, 71 Cal.2d 54, 57, 77 Cal.Rptr. 16, 453 P.2d 456.) The burden is on the party claiming a waiver to prove it by evidence that does not leave the matter doubtful or uncertain and the burden must be satisfied by clear and convincing evidence that does not leave the matter to speculation. (City of Ukiah v. Fones, 64 Cal.2d 104, 107-108, 48 Cal.Rptr. 865, 410 P.2d 369.) This rule particularly applies to cases involving a right favored in law such as, in this case, the right to retain lawful property entitlements and support.

We recognize as a general proposition the law favors property settlement agreements untainted by fraud, compulsion or violations of confidential relationships between parties. However, where agreements are made without advice of legal counsel, the court must carefully scrutinize them to prevent inequities. (Adams v. Adams, 29 Cal.2d 621, 628, 177 P.2d 265.)

This settlement agreement limits spousal support following a 17-year marriage to a two year term where the wife is marginally employable, lacking in a high school education, suitable for employment only as a seamstress or waitress, earning $320 per month gross. The agreement deprives Masako of any community interest in David's military retirement which the court found to be by far the major community asset. In order to insure little likelihood Masako would be able to defend whenever David finally got around to filing for dissolution, the agreement purports to waive any right to reimbursement for attorney's fees in such proceedings. Such a result is almost Brantner -like. (See Justice Gardner's colorfully descriptive analysis in In re Marriage of Brantner, 67 Cal.App.3d 416, 136 Cal.Rptr. 635.)

But, David demurs, Brantner involved no property settlement and in this case the court reviewed the settlement agreement, circumstances surrounding it and found no fraud or overreaching on his part. He contends the law favors property settlement agreements and the court properly upheld it without considerations of equity.

Spousal Support

The court made no specific finding regarding spousal support. The closest it came was to comment "(s)he is earning money and working, ($320 gross per month) and even absent this agreement, it is rather doubtful that I would order it. At any rate, she has waived it after two years, and I think the agreement should govern." Since the issue was decided solely on waiver, we look to see if in fact a waiver appears from the record. The entire reference to spousal support is contained in paragraph 6 ² of the separation agreement.

There is no express reference to any agreement not to extend the period of support or to any waiver of future support. Furthermore, the written findings of fact do not address the question of waiver except by the ambiguous reference, "the court finds that the respondent has fulfilled his obligation to pay spousal support." ³

In an analogous situation a unanimous Supreme Court held no waiver of right can be inferred from a written stipulation except where an intentional relinquishment of the known right is explicit, the terms and scope of the waiver are spelled out and the express reason for the waiver set forth. (City of Ukiah v. Fones, supra, 64 Cal.2d 104, 109-110, 48 Cal.Rptr. 865, 410 P.2d 369.) In Ukiah Justice Mosk referred favorably to the language of Justice Spence in Estate of Coffin, 22 Cal.App.2d 469, 471, 71 P.2d 295:

"It is well settled that the right to a family allowance is strongly favored in our law and that it will not be held to have been waived or relinquished except where the language relied upon clearly and explicitly manifests that intention. (Citations.) We find no such language in the stipulation above set forth. It clearly appears that the parties intended to stipulate for the payment of a family allowance 'at said rate for a period not to exceed ten months', but it is not at all clear that the parties intended that said stipulation should thereafter bind anyone either as to amount or as to time. If appellants intended that the stipulation should constitute a waiver by respondent of the right to any family allowance after the expiration of a period of ten months, there was at least uncertainty in the language employed to accomplish their purpose and 'any uncertainty in the language of the agreement will be resolved in favor of the right'. (Citation.)"

This reasoning is persuasive; paragraph 6 does not constitute a waiver.

However, apparently anticipating its reliance on the agreement might not withstand attack, the court made a specific finding that "aside from said agreement of the parties that spousal support for either party in this matter would not be indicated and that both parties are employed, in good health, and can provide for their own support." This finding binds this court unless it is an abuse of discretion. To support this finding the court specifically found David presently earns $1,335.60 per month gross on active military duty while Masako is employed three nights per week. However, the record also reveals Masako is responsible for maintaining a home and caring for the minor child of the parties, age 10 years, and employable only as a waitress or seamstress. It is uncontradicted her previous earning experience has been in periodic unskilled jobs and she had not completed a high school education. Masako's financial declaration shows monthly expenses for herself and the child exceed $900 a month; David lists his monthly expenses as approximately $1,050 a month. After subtracting $200 child support, David's net monthly retention is $878.43. On the other hand, assuming no deductions whatsoever were taken from Masako's gross income, she has access to a total of $520 per month to support herself and the child.

The Legislature has established certain factors to be considered by the court in determining reasonable spousal support. These are:

"(1) The earning capacity of each spouse .... P (2) The needs of each party. P (3) The obligations and assets ... of each. P (4) The duration of the marriage. P (5) The ability of the supported spouse to engage in gainful employment without interfering with the interest of dependent children in ... (his or her) custody .... P (6) The time required for the supported spouse to acquire appropriate education, training and employment. P (7) The age and health of the parties. P (8) The standard of living of the parties. P (9) Any other factors which it deems just and equitable." (Civ.Code, § 4801, subd. (a).)

Although the finding regarding Masako's good health is supported by the record, no other factor listed above justifies the court's failure to retain jurisdiction on the question of...