Martin v. State, 6 Div. 137

• Decision Date: 12 April 1988
• Docket Number: 6 Div. 137
• Citation: 529 So.2d 1032
• Parties: Danny Thomas MARTIN v. STATE.
• Court: Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals

Page 1032

529 So.2d 1032

Danny Thomas MARTIN v. STATE.

6 Div. 137.

Court of Criminal Appeals of Alabama.

April 12, 1988.

Rehearing Denied May 10, 1988.

Certiorari Denied July 29, 1988

Alabama Supreme Court 87-989.

Carl E. Chamblee, Jr., Birmingham, for appellant.

Don Siegelman, Atty. Gen., and Jean Alexandra Webb, Asst. Atty. Gen., for appellee.

BOWEN, Presiding Judge.

Danny Thomas Martin was convicted for driving under the influence of alcohol in violation of Alabama Code 1975, § 32-5A-191(a)(2). Two issues are raised on this appeal of that conviction.

I

Even if Martin had only been charged with being in actual physical control of a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, his refusal to submit to a chemical test for intoxication was probative on the issue of intoxication and admissible evidence. Hill v. State, 366 So.2d 318, 321 (Ala.1979); South Dakota v. Neville, 459 U.S. 553, 103 S.Ct. 916, 74 L.Ed.2d 748 (1983).

II

Martin argues that the state troopers had no "probable cause to investigate" his vehicle.

Initially, it must be noted that a vehicle may be stopped on less than probable cause:

"Police officers may stop a vehicle for investigative purposes based on specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant suspicion of criminal conduct on the part of the occupants of the vehicle. The authority to stop a moving vehicle based upon less than probable cause derives from Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 [88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889] (1968), as applied by the Supreme Court to vehicles in Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143 [92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612] (1972) (parked vehicle); U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873 [95 S.Ct. 2574, 45 L.Ed.2d 607] (1974 [1975] ) (moving vehicle); and U.S. v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411 [101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621] (1981).

"The factors which can contribute to a reasonable suspicion to stop a vehicle are analogous to the factors justifying a stop and frisk of a suspect on the street. Among those factors are: the behavior of the suspect, such as erratic or evasive driving patterns; the appearance of the vehicle or its occupants; the time and location of the stop, such as a deserted area known as a narcotics pick-up point; and the experience of the police officer. While rarely will any one factor alone be sufficient to warrant a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, most commonly several factors will appear in combination, thereby justifying a police officer in making an investigative stop." W. Ringel, 1 Searches and Seizures, Arrests and Confessions 11-30, 31 (2d ed. 1987) (footnotes omitted).

See also W. LaFave, 3 Search and Seizure, § 9.2(d) (2d ed. 1987). An articulable and reasonable suspicion will justify the stopping of a motor vehicle. Ex parte Yeung, 489 So.2d 1106, 1109 (Ala.1986).

Here, there was evidence that Martin's car was parked on the shoulder of a public highway during "rush hour" with the...