Matter of Myers, Bankruptcy No. 85-1459-C.

Citation56 BR 423
Decision Date12 December 1985
Docket NumberBankruptcy No. 85-1459-C.
PartiesIn the Matter of Max A. MYERS, Mary Lou Myers, fdba Myers Farm, Engaged in Farming, Debtors.
CourtUnited States Bankruptcy Courts. Eighth Circuit. U.S. Bankruptcy Court — Southern District of Iowa

Dallas J. Janssen, West Des Moines, Iowa, for debtors.

Walter H. Sheata, St. Louis, Mo., Robert R. Rydell, Des Moines, Iowa, for Mercantile Bank of Memphis.

MEMORANDUM OF DECISION

RICHARD STAGEMAN, Bankruptcy Judge.

At Des Moines, in the Southern District of Iowa, on the 10th day of December 1985.

This is a case under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code filed by the debtors, Max A. and Mary Lou Myers. The specific matter before the court is a motion to avoid liens on exempt tools of the trade pursuant to § 522(f)(2). The motion has been resisted by the lien-holder, Mercantile Bank of Memphis ("Bank").

I.

The debtors seek to avoid liens on certain farm equipment they claim exempt as tools of the trade.1 The Bank resists the debtors' motion on the ground that the debtors are not engaged in the trade of farming. In support of its resistance the Bank advances two arguments frequently heard by this court. First, the Bank argues that the debtors cannot be entitled to a farmer's implements of husbandry exemption because they are both full-time schoolteachers. Second, the Bank argues that the debtors have abandoned farming.

II.

Numerous decisions by bankruptcy courts have addressed the question whether a debtor who farms and also engages in another occupation is entitled to claim exemptions and avoid liens as a farmer. The weight of authority holds that the definition of a farmer found in Bankruptcy Code § 101(17) does not apply to exemption and lien avoidance questions. E.g., Flick v. United States, 47 B.R. 440, 443 (W.D.Pa. 1985); Middleton v. Farmers State Bank of Fosston, 45 B.R. 744, 747 (Bkrtcy.D. Minn.1985); In re La Fond, 45 B.R. 195, 199 (Bkrtcy.D.Minn.1984); Matter of Decker, 34 B.R. 640, 641 (Bkrtcy.N.D.Ind.1983). Contra, In re Holman, 26 B.R. 110, 112 (Bkrtcy.M.D.Tenn.1983).

The courts have used varying approaches in deciding whether a debtor engaged in two occupations may claim an exemption for "tools of the trade". In In re Walkington, 42 B.R. 67 (Bkrtcy.W.D.Mich.1984), a nonfarm case, the court allowed an exemption for tools used in the debtor's primary occupation. Id. at 72. An income test was used to determine the primary occupation. Id.

In In re Oetinger, 49 B.R. 41, 42 (Bkrtcy. D.Kan.1985), the court applied Kansas law and allowed exemptions for tools of the debtor's primary occupation. Apparently, the court determined the primary occupation based on hours worked rather than on income. See id. at 43. See also In re Samuel, 36 B.R. 312, 314 (Bkrtcy.E.D.Va. 1984) (nonfarm case applying state law to allow exemption only for principal occupation).

Other courts have not followed a primary occupation test or an income test. In In re La Fond, an income test was rejected. 45 B.R. at 200. Instead, the debtor was required to

. . . prove that he is legitimately engaged in a trade which currently and regularly uses the specific implements or tools exempted and on which lien avoidance is sought.

Id. Other cases have adopted the same test. E.g., Flick v. United States, 47 B.R. at 443; In re Yoder, 32 B.R. 777, 781 (Bkrtcy.W.D.Pa.1983).

Although the bankruptcy farm cases cited show a general tendency of being liberal in deciding whether a debtor with two occupations may claim farm implements as exempt tools of the trade, they do not dispose of the present case. The question presented is properly one of Iowa law, and the above cited cases do not interpret Iowa law.

In determining that Iowa law controls this case, the court looks to Bankruptcy Code § 522(f). That lien avoidance provision is a matter of federal law, not state law. Matter of Thompson, 750 F.2d 628, 630 (8th Cir.1984). However, lien avoidance is only available for liens that impair "an exemption to which the debtor would have been entitled to under subsection (b) of section 522. . . ." 11 U.S.C. § 522(f). In short, a valid exemption under state law is a prerequisite to receiving relief through lien avoidance in states where the uniform federal exemptions do not apply. Under Iowa Code § 627.10 (1985) a debtor in Iowa may only claim exemptions under Iowa law. Thus, questions about the propriety of an exemption are matters of Iowa law. See also In re Oetinger, 49 B.R. at 42; In re Samuel, 36 B.R. at 314 (both cases applying state exemption law). Since the Bank has only challenged the propriety of the debtors' exemptions, Iowa law is controlling.2

III.

The Meyers claim their farm equipment and machinery are exempt pursuant to Iowa Code § 627.6(10)(d) (1985). That section provides:

A debtor who is a resident of this state may hold exempt from execution the following property:
. . . .
10. Any combination of the following, not to exceed a value of five thousand dollars in the aggregate:
. . . .
d. If the debtor is engaged in farming, a team consisting of not more than two horses or mules or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, or other necessary implements of husbandry, or a combination of these. This exemption is in addition to any motor vehicle held exempt under paragraph "b."

The question presented here is whether the Meyers' occupations as full-time teachers disqualifies them from claiming this exemption.

Iowa exemption laws are to be liberally construed in favor of those claiming the benefit of such laws. Frudden Lumber Co. v. Clifton, 183 N.W.2d 201, 203 (Iowa 1971); Matter of Hahn, 5 B.R. 242, 245 (Bkrtcy.S.D.Iowa 1980). The Iowa court has construed the statute liberally when deciding whether a debtor with two occupations may claim an exemption for tools of the trade. In Equitable Life Assurance Society of United States v. Goode, 101 Iowa 160, 70 N.W. 113 (1897), the debtor was in the real estate business and was also an attorney. The court ruled that the debtor was entitled to exempt his law books from execution. The court stated:

The undisputed evidence is that the defendant was occupied at least one-fourth of his time in doing the proper work of a lawyer, and that what he thus did contributed to his support. We have seen that it was not necessary for him to earn his living by the services he performed as a lawyer, to hold the property in question exempt. . . . The only conclusions which can properly be drawn from the evidence is that the defendant was a lawyer within the meaning of the statute. . . .

101 Iowa at 163, 70 N.W. at 114.

Thus, in the Goode case the Iowa court did not adopt a principal occupation test. It did not adopt a percentage of income test. And it did not adopt a percentage of time worked test. The only requirement, in addition to working at the trade or profession, is that the work contribute to the debtor's support.

It is undisputed that the Myers were engaged in farming. There has been no allegation that such work failed to contribute to their support. Thus, their work as full-time schoolteachers does not prevent them from claiming farm equipment as exempt tools of their trade.

IV.

The Bank has also argued that the debtors have abandoned farming and, therefore, are not entitled to claim farm property as exempt. This argument is supported by the debtors' statement in their petition of relief that they had terminated farming on April 1, 1985.

The debtors argue that they are still engaged in farming. Although they do not own or lease land, they spent a significant amount of time in the summer of 1985 putting up hay from 317 acres. In addition, Max has been tending one livestock herd full time and two other herds part time. The debtors also state that they plan to plant 60 acres of winter wheat and that they hope to rent land and custom farm in 1986.

The court finds that the debtors were engaged in custom farming at the time they filed their petition. What remains to be determined is what effect that status has upon their claimed exemptions.

The rule is well settled that debtors claiming a tools of the trade exemption must be engaged in the trade at the time the petition is filed. Matter of Richardson, 47 B.R. 113, 118 (Bkrtcy.W.D.Wisc. 1985); In re Johnson, 19 B.R. 371, 374 (Bkrtcy.D.Kan.1982); Matter of Hahn, 5 B.R. at 245. In Iowa, a temporary cessation of farming does not defeat a claimed exemption if the debtor intends to return to farming. Pease v. Price, 101 Iowa 57, 59, 69 N.W. 1120 (1897); Hickman v. Cruise, 72 Iowa 528, 529, 34 N.W. 316, 317 (1887); Matter of Hahn, 5 B.R. at 245. The bankruptcy courts are in accord on this point, although some state that exemptions remain available only where the cessation was involuntary. See, e.g., Flick v. United States, 47 B.R. at 443 (involuntary cessation); Matter of Richardson, 47 B.R. at 118-19; Middleton v. Farmers State Bank of Fosston, 45 B.R. at 747; In re La Fond, 45 B.R. at 200 (involuntary cessation). In the Pease case, 101 Iowa 57, 69 N.W. 1120, and the Hickman case, 72 Iowa 528, 34 N.W. 316, the Iowa court appears to give great weight to the debtor's stated intention to resume farming. In both cases, however, the court was acting in an appellate role, not as a finder of fact. The trial courts have split on the issue of how much weight should be given to the debtor's statement of intent. In In re Pommerer the court stated:

The debtors\' intention must be afforded great weight. . . . It is not for this Court to judge the wisdom, or even the feasibility, of defendants attempting to resume farming. This court finds nothing in the law which conditions the exemption for tools of a trade upon the debtor successfully pursuing that trade. If debtors intend to be farmers, so be it.

10 B.R. 935, 942 (Bkrtcy.D.Minn.1981). This approach has been followed, In re La Fond, 45 B.R. at 200, but two other courts have required the debtor to show reasonable prospects of re-engaging in farming. Matter of Richardson...

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