Matter of Proceedings Before a Grand Jury

• Decision Date: 30 May 2002
• Docket Number: 01-P-1813
• Citation: 55 Mass. App. Ct. 17
• Parties: IN THE MATTER OF PROCEEDINGS BEFORE A GRAND JURY. Docket No.: 01-MASSACHUSETTS COURT OF APPEALS County: Suffolk
• Court: Appeals Court of Massachusetts

IN THE MATTER OF PROCEEDINGS BEFORE A GRAND JURY.

Docket No.: 01-P-1813

MASSACHUSETTS COURT OF APPEALS

County: Suffolk.

January 18, 2002.

May 30, 2002.

Grand Jury.Constitutional Law, Self-incrimination.

Adjudication of contempt in the Superior Court Department by Carol S. Ball, J., on December 11, 2001.

A motion for a stay of the judgment of contempt was considered in the Appeals Court by Cohen, J., and was referred by her to a panel of the court.

Jeffrey T. Richards, Committee for Public Counsel Services(Beth L. Eisenberg, Committee for Public Counsel Services, with him) for the witness.

Paul M. Treseler, Assistant District Attorney, (Daniel J. Hourihan, Assistant District Attorney, with him) for the Commonwealth.

Present: Greenberg, Kafker, & Cohen, JJ.

COHEN, J.

A juvenile witness appeals from a judgment of the Superior Court holding her in contempt for refusing to answer questions put to her before a Suffolk County grand jury investigating charges of arson and larceny.¹The witness claims that her refusal to answer questions at the grand jury was lawful in that she properly invoked her privilege against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitutionandart. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights.We agree with the witness and reverse the judgment of contempt.

Background.We summarize the facts and prior proceedings based upon the somewhat limited record before us.²The witness is a sixteen year old high school student who worked as a part-time employee at the J.Silver Clothing Store in the Roxbury section of Boston for several months leading up to September 30, 2001.On the evening of that date, a large fire had been reported at the store.Investigation revealed that the fire was intentionally set and that a substantial sum of money had been taken from the store safe.In addition to the witness, the only other employee working in the store on that date was the assistant manager.

The police interviewed the store owners, the witness, and the assistant manager.They learned that, because of her position, the assistant manager was in authorized possession of the combination to the store safe, the keys to the store's front door and outer security gate, and a security alarm activation code that identified the person using it as "user number 2."Security company records presented to the grand jury reflected that, at 6:17 P.M. on the evening of the fire, the security code assigned to "user number 2" was used to activate the alarm.Three minutes later the same code was used again, presumably to reopen the store, and then the alarm was not reset.Fire was reported at about 6:31 P.M.

According to a police report, the witness gave investigating officers the following information.On the day in question, she and the assistant manager were the only two people on duty.Several times during the day, they switched off working the register and working the floor.At 5:00 P.M., the assistant manager locked the doors, and the witness proceeded to straighten up the merchandise and clean the floor.After counting the day's receipts, the assistant manager went to the back room to put the money in the safe.While there, she called the witness on the intercom to tell her that she was going to use the ladies' room.The assistant manager then emerged from the back room carrying one of her shoes in her hand.The witness remembered telling the assistant manager to slow down and stop to put her shoe on; however, the witness declined to describe the assistant manager's hurried behavior as unusual, stating only that they both were trying to catch their bus.

The assistant manager then punched in the code on the alarm panel, and both left the store.She had trouble locking the front door, so the witness did it for her.The assistant manager then closed the front grate.The witness recalled calling out, "Our bus is here," to which the assistant manager replied that she was "not going that way today, I'm taking a bus to the Red Line to meet my husband."The witness then boarded her bus and went home.

Later that night, the witness was telephoned by another individual, the store supervisor, and told that the store was on fire.When the witness next reported to work on Monday morning, store personnel yelled at her and told her she was a "suspect."The store supervisor then informed the witness that she was suspended.

The witness denied having a key to the store or knowing the alarm code or the combination to the safe.She admitted knowing of the location of the store's video camera, but she denied ever being in that room.She also told the police that she had heard the assistant manager say that the video camera did not work.The witness acknowledged having been in the back of the store on the day of the fire when she went to the ladies' room at about 3:30 P.M.

As recounted to the trial judge, the assistant manager is the target of the criminal investigation.She has been interviewed on more than one occasion, and has given three different explanations of the evening's events.At first she said that she and the witness left the store after the safe was locked up and that she had no knowledge of what happened after that.She then implied that a former employee may have perpetrated the crimes, claiming that he had come to the store that day and made threats.Finally, after being confronted with the alarm code evidence, she stated that she may have left the safe open, that it was the witness who went back into the store to retrieve a bag, and that she(the assistant manager) had given the witness the alarm code for this purpose.

The assistant district attorney represented to the trial judge that the witness was not a target and that she would only be asked to testify to the information contained in the report of her interview with the police.Defense counsel argued to the trial judge that even if the inquiry were so limited, the witness's testimony, in the specific factual context of this case, put her at risk of self-incrimination.³The trial judge disagreed, finding that "[t]he witness's projected testimony is consistent both with innocence and all of the known evidence; it would not, even considered in the context of all the evidence, have a tendency to incriminate her."

On December 11, 2001, the witness appeared before the grand jury, was sworn and essentially refused to answer any questions other than her name and address.She was brought back before the court and held in contempt.

Discussion."The right of a witness not to incriminate himself is secured by both the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitutionandart. 12 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights."Taylor v. Commonwealth, 369 Mass. 183, 187(1975)."Under art. 12, we apply broad standards, consistent with Federal standards, in determining whether a claim of privilege is justified."Commonwealth v. Martin, 423 Mass. 496, 502(1996).These standards are "highly protective of the constitutionally guaranteed right against self-incrimination."Ibid.A witness who asserts the privilege cannot be compelled "to testify unless it is 'perfectly clear, from a careful consideration of all the circumstances in the case, that the witness is mistaken, and that the answer[s] cannot possibly have such tendency' to incriminate"(emphasis in original).Ibid., quoting fromCommonwealth v. Funches, 379 Mass. 283, 289(1979), quoting fromHoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 488(1951)."The privilege afforded not only extends to answers that would in themselves support a conviction... but likewise embraces those which would furnish a link in the chain of evidence needed to prosecute."Ibid., quoting fromCommonwealth v. Funches, supra, quoting fromUllman v. United States, 350 U.S. 422, 429(1956).

Although there must be "a real risk that [the witness's] answers to questions will tend to indicate his involvement in illegal activity, 'and not a mere imaginary, remote or speculative possibility of prosecution,'"Commonwealth v. Martin, ...