Maxwell v. Maxwell

• Decision Date: 20 December 1961
• Docket Number: No. 10199,10199
• Parties: Emma MAXWELL, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Dean MAXWELL and Gloria Maxwell, Defendants and Respondents.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

Page 308

367 P.2d 308

140 Mont. 59

Emma MAXWELL, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Dean MAXWELL and Gloria Maxwell, Defendants and Respondents.

No. 10199.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Dec. 20, 1961.

Rehearing Denied Jan. 9, 1962.

Michael J. Whalen, Billings (argued orally), for appellant.

Cooke, Moulton, Bellingham & Longo, Billings, Wm. R. McNamer, Billings (argued orally), for respondent.

DOYLE, Justice.

This is an appeal from a judgment entered in the district court of the thirteenth judicial district. The cause was tried before a jury which returned a verdict for the defendants.

Plaintiff, Emma Maxwell, was injured on January 1, 1959, as the result of a fall in a doorway of the home of the defendants at Billings, Montana. The defendants are the son and daughter-in-law of the plaintiff.

Plaintiff had a New Years dinner for the defendants and others earlier in the day and the defendants held a family get together at their home on New Years evening, the time of the accident. The plaintiff was asked to attend. The evidence established that there was snow on the step of defendants' home when plaintiff arrived there. Plaintiff stepped up onto the step, and when the door was opened she placed her foot on the floor inside the house. Her foot started to slip, apparently, because the floor was freshly waxed and because she had snow on her overshoes. Plaintiff testified that when she started to slip she tried to catch herself on the right foot still located on the step, but the right foot slipped out from under her causing her to fall in the doorway.

There is a controversy over whether the proximate cause of the fall was the waxed floor or the slippery step. Defendants claim the cause of the fall was the slip inside the house. In support of their position they cite the testimony of the plaintiff, on cross-examination, to the effect that the slip that started it all was inside the house, and from that moment she was out of control.

Plaintiff urges that the fall was caused by a layer of ice under the snow on the step. However, there was no direct testimony that there was any ice on the step. The illusive layer of ice will remain forever a matter of speculation. Although both plaintiff and her husband testified to the effect that they thought there must have been ice under the snow, there was no testimony as to anyone actually determining whether ice was there or not.

For their part, defendants offered a great deal of testimony and statements regarding minimum and maximum temperatures, and snow and ice conditions to prove that the formation of ice was unlikely.

The principal issue on which this case must be decided is the status of the plaintiff as she entered the home of her son and his wife on the evening in question.

The plaintiff cites as error the refusal of the trial court to submit the case to the jury on the theory that at the time of the injury plaintiff was an 'invitee' as a matter of law.

The rule is well established that a question will not be taken from the jury, as the trier of facts, where there is conflicting evidence or where more than one conclusion can be drawn from the evidence.

The trial court left to the jury the question whether plaintiff was a licensee or an invitee. The term licensee includes social guests, 'who, in a sense, are persons temporarily adopted into the possessor's family.' Restatement, Torts, § 331, p. 897. The jury found that plaintiff was a social guest or licensee.

Plaintiff urges that she was not a social guest in the home of her son and his wife. Plaintiff testified that she went to the home of the defendants at the request of her daughter-in-law for the purpose of fixing supper for the guests, to clean up dishes, and possibly to take care of several minor children in case defendants went out for the evening. Defendants contend that plaintiff was a social guest and that any help she would have given would have been the customary and incidental help extended each other by members of a family on such occasions in the preparation of a holiday meal.

In Ahlquist v. Mulvaney Realty Co., 116 Mont. 6, 24, 152 [140 Mont. 62] P.2d 137, 145, this court set out the time honored distinction between an invitee and a licensee, as follows:

'The plaintiff alleges she was an invitee. The defendants claim plaintiff was a licensee. The definition used by many judges in reported cases, distinguishing between an invitee and a licensee or trespasser is: 'The principle appears to be that invitation is inferred where there is a common interest or mutual advantage, while a license is inferred where the object is the mere pleasure or benefit of the person using it.' [Citing cases.] And this definition has been adopted by this court in the case of Jonosky v. Northern Pac. Ry. Co., 57 Mont. 63, 187 P. 1014, 1015, wherein this court defined the term 'invitation' as follows: 'An invitation is inferred where there is a common interest or mutual advantage, while a license is implied where the object is the mere pleasure, convenience, or benefit of the person enjoying the privilege. Bennett v. [Louisville & N.] R. Co., 102 U.S. 577, 584, 26 L.Ed. 235; [See also, Rose's U. S. Notes.] 2 White on Personal Injuries on Railroads, § 870. The Supreme Court of Massachusetts has stated the rule as follows: 'To come under an implied invitation as distinguished from a mere license, the visitor must come for a purpose connected with the business in which the occupant is engaged or which he permits to be carried on there. There must at least be some mutuality of interest in the subject to which the visitor's business relates, although the particular thing which is the object of the visit may not be for the benefit of the occupant.' [Citing cases.] The same distinction is made by the English courts."

Thus, it was the purpose for which plaintiff went on the defendants' premises that determines her status. If she went there to perform services for her son and his wife then she might be found to be an invitee. But if she went to the holiday meal as a guest and was only to perform any customary and incidental chores then she was a licensee. From our review of the record we find that there were conflicts in the testimony on this point, but more important, different conclusions could be reached from the testimony which was uncontroverted. We therefore...