Mayer v. State, CA-CV

Citation908 P.2d 56,184 Ariz. 242
Decision Date05 December 1995
Docket NumberCA-CV
PartiesLawrence J. MAYER, Roy J. Whitehead and Charles A. Rhinehart, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. STATE of Arizona; Samuel A. Lewis, John R. Hallahan, Fred Ballard, Karen Humiston, Glen Parin, Charles A. Flanagan, George Tichy, Robert Mendez, Jim Jernigan, Monica Taylor, David Coppola, John Doe Vertress, Shirley Cox, Cheryl Matthews and Jerry Brenner, as employees of the Arizona Department of Corrections, an Agency of the State of Arizona, Defendants-Appellees. 194-0325.
CourtCourt of Appeals of Arizona
OPINION

TOCI, Judge.

Lawrence Mayer ("plaintiff") appeals from the dismissal of his complaint for special action against various employees of the Arizona Department of Corrections ("ADOC"). ADOC contends that plaintiff has not timely filed his appeal and that we have no jurisdiction to hear it. Plaintiff argues that he delivered his notice of appeal to prison authorities for mailing before the time to appeal expired and, consequently, the notice of appeal was timely filed. We hold that a pro se prisoner who delivers his notice of appeal to prison officials for mailing has "filed" his notice upon such delivery. Because we lack sufficient evidence to determine when delivery occurred in this case, we remand for a determination of timeliness.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In May 1993, plaintiff and two other inmates 1 of the state prison in Douglas filed a complaint pro se for special action in the superior court of Maricopa County against fifteen employees of the ADOC. The attorney general's office, acting as attorney for defendants, filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. On December 6, 1993, the trial court granted the motion, dismissing plaintiff's complaint. Judgment was entered on December 8, 1993. Plaintiff filed a notice of appeal, dated the 4th of January, 1994, which was received and stamped filed by the clerk of the superior court on June 14, 1994.

II. DISCUSSION

Because plaintiff's notice of appeal was filed more than five months late, we first examine the jurisdiction of this court to hear plaintiff's appeal. Appellate courts lack jurisdiction to consider appeals that are not timely filed. Butler Products Co., Inc. v. Roush, 145 Ariz. 32, 699 P.2d 906 (App.1984). The Arizona Rules of Civil Appellate Procedure require that a notice of appeal must be filed not later than thirty days after the entry of judgment from which the appeal is taken. Rule 9(a), Ariz.R.Civ.App.P. Consequently, if the plaintiff filed his notice of appeal more than thirty days after the entry of judgment, we have no jurisdiction to hear his appeal.

Rule 9(a), Arizona Rules of Civil Appellate Procedure, states, "A notice of appeal required by Rule 8 shall be filed with the clerk of the superior court not later than 30 days after the entry of judgment from which the appeal is taken...." Plaintiff claims to have filed his notice within the time required by Rule 9(a). Plaintiff contends that he delivered the notice of appeal to the ADOC to be mailed to the clerk of the superior court on January 4, 1994. Relying on Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 108 S.Ct. 2379, 101 L.Ed.2d 245 (1988), plaintiff argues that a notice of appeal is deemed filed the day that a pro se prisoner delivers it to proper prison officials to mail.

Houston does not, however, interpret the United States Constitution, but rather the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. Thus, it does not bind Arizona courts. Nevertheless, the language of Rule 9(a) follows the language of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(1), which was at issue in Houston. Both require the filing of the notice with the clerk of the trial court. While Rule 9 requires that filing occur "not later than 30 days after" the entry of judgment, Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(1) requires filing "within 30 days after" the date of the entry of judgment. Though the Arizona rule is worded differently to permit premature appeals, Barassi v. Matison, 130 Ariz. 418, 421, 636 P.2d 1200, 1203 (1981), both rules refer to the same deadline for filing at issue here. We conclude that an interpretation of timeliness under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(1) is persuasive in interpreting Rule 9(a). Thus, we adopt the holding of Houston and apply it here.

The Supreme Court in Houston examined the unique position of pro se prisoners seeking to appeal without the aid of counsel.

[T]he pro se prisoner has no choice but to entrust the forwarding of his notice of appeal to prison authorities whom he cannot control or supervise and who may have every incentive to delay. No matter how far in advance the pro se prisoner delivers his notice to the prison authorities, he can never be sure that it will ultimately get stamped "filed" on time.... [A prisoner's] control over the processing of his notice necessarily ceases as soon as he hands it over to the only public officials to whom he has access--the prison authorities--and the only information he will likely have is the date he delivered the notice to those prison authorities and the date ultimately stamped on his notice.

. . . . .

[T]he lack of control of pro se prisoners over delays extends much further than that of the typical civil litigant: pro se prisoners have no control over delays between the prison authorities' receipt of the notice and its filing, and their lack of freedom bars them from delivering the notice to the court clerk personally.

Houston, 487 U.S. at 271-72, 273-74, 108 S.Ct. at 2382-2383, 2384.

It was argued in Houston that a rule allowing pro se prisoners to claim that they had filed their notices of appeal upon delivery to prison authorities would lead to an increase in disputes and further uncertainty over when filing actually occurred. The Court rejected this argument, concluding that the

administrative concerns lead to the opposite conclusion here. The pro se prisoner does not anonymously drop his notice of appeal in a public mailbox--he hands it over to prison authorities who have well-developed procedures for recording the date and time at which they receive papers for mailing and who can readily dispute a prisoner's assertions that he delivered the paper on a different date. Because reference to prison mail logs will generally be a straightforward inquiry, making filing turn on the date the pro se prisoner delivers the notice to prison authorities for mailing is a bright-line rule, not an uncertain one.

Id. at 275, 108 S.Ct. at 2384-85.

We agree with the Court in Houston. 487 U.S. 266, 108 S.Ct. 2379, 101 L.Ed.2d 245. A pro se prisoner is not in a position to make sure that his notice of appeal is timely filed. He cannot personally file the notice with the clerk of the court nor can he directly place the notice in the hands of the United States Postal Service. He must entrust the timeliness of his filing to an institution whose interests and priorities may not coincide with his own. Accordingly, we hold that a notice of appeal by a pro se prisoner is deemed filed when it is properly addressed and delivered to prison authorities for forwarding to the clerk of the...

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