McCarthy v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., Civ. A. No. 92-CV-11504-RCL.
| Decision Date | 31 August 1994 |
| Docket Number | Civ. A. No. 92-CV-11504-RCL. |
| Parties | Eileen M. McCARTHY, Plaintiff, v. NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC., Defendant. |
| Court | U.S. District Court — District of Massachusetts |
Marvin H. Greenberg, Woburn, MA, for plaintiff.
John J. Bonistalli, Law Offices of John J. Bonistalli, Boston, MA, for defendant.
In this action the plaintiff, Eileen M. McCarthy, alleges negligence (Counts One and Two of the complaint), or alternatively, liability without fault under the provisions of the Warsaw Convention (Count Three of the Complaint), against the defendant Northwest Airlines, Inc. (the "defendant" or "Northwest"). The defendant moved for summary judgment on all counts. The plaintiff opposed that motion and, in addition, moved that summary judgment on the issue of liability be granted in her favor. As to the claims under the Warsaw Convention, the court grants the defendant's motion and denies that of the plaintiff. For reasons stated herein, the court makes no ruling at this time on the motions as they relate to the negligence claims.
The following facts appear from the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and affidavits considered in connection with the present motion.
On July 2, 1990, the plaintiff and her sister left Boston's Logan International Airport for a twenty-day trip to Japan and China. Their first stop was Tokyo, where they stayed for four days.
On July 6, 1990, they went to Narita International Airport to board a Northwest flight that would take them to Osaka, Japan. The airport was busy when they arrived, and a line had formed at the Northwest ticket counter. The women had not yet obtained their boarding passes, so they had to stand in the line.
When they reached the front of the line, they told the Northwest ticket agent that they did not think that they would make their flight. They also told the agent that they did not want to rush, and that they would take another flight if they could not, without excessive rushing, make their original flight. The agent told them that making their original flight would not be a problem. The agent proceeded hastily to check their luggage and issue boarding passes. The agent then led the two women in the direction of the customs area and a bus that would take them to the boarding area for their flight.
The plaintiff and her sister, as directed by the agent, followed the agent, who was carrying their passports and boarding passes. The agent led the women onto a descending escalator. The plaintiff, who was neither running nor walking on the escalator, felt a jerk of the escalator and fell forward onto her right knee, injuring it. She informed the agent that she was injured. The agent did not respond and did not advise the plaintiff that she could fill out a medical report. The plaintiff proceeded through customs, boarded a bus with her sister and the agent, and finally boarded the plane to Osaka.
The defendant contends that the plaintiff may not recover on her claim under the Warsaw Convention because the plaintiff was not embarking or disembarking an aircraft at the time of the alleged accident. As to the negligence claim, the defendant says that the plaintiff may not recover because the defendant did not own, operate, maintain or control the area where the plaintiff was injured.
Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention1 provides that:
The carrier shall be liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.
49 U.S.C. § 1502 note; see also Ricotta v. Iberia Lineas Aereas De Espana, 482 F.Supp. 497, 499-500 (E.D.N.Y.1979), affirmed 633 F.2d 206 (2nd Cir.1980). As modified by the Montreal Agreement,2 49 C.A.B. 819 (1966), the Warsaw Convention limits to $75,000 an airline's liability to a passenger for bodily injury sustained "in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking." See 49 U.S.C. § 1502 note; Hernandez v. Air France, 545 F.2d 279, 281 (1st Cir.1976), cert. denied, 430 U.S. 950, 97 S.Ct. 1592, 51 L.Ed.2d 800 (1977); Day v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 528 F.2d 31, 32-33 (2nd Cir.1975), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 890, 97 S.Ct. 246, 50 L.Ed.2d 172 (1976).
To impose liability on an airline under Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention, the plaintiff must show first that an accident occurred. MacDonald v. Air Canada, 439 F.2d 1402, 1405 (1st Cir.1971). This means that she must show that her fall was not caused by "some internal condition", but that it "was the result of an accident." Id. Here the plaintiff has submitted an affidavit which attests that "as she was nearing the bottom of the escalator, the escalator jerked causing her to be propelled approximately six feet from the bottom of the escalator", with the result that she hit her right knee on the floor. The defendant has not submitted an opposing affidavit on this question. Thus, taking the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, F.D.I.C. v. Anchor Properties, 13 F.3d 27, 30 (1st Cir.1994), the court determines that the plaintiff meets her burden of showing that her fall was the result of an accident.
The court must next determine as a matter of law whether the facts show that the plaintiff was "in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking" at the time of her accident. See MacDonald, 439 F.2d at 1402. Different circuits have applied different tests to answer this question, and much debate remains concerning whether the Warsaw Convention was intended to impose liability only for accidents which occur within the physical confines of an aircraft or was intended to impose liability on carriers for accidents that occur away from the aircraft, but while the injured passenger is approaching or leaving it.
The leading test for determining whether a passenger is in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking is that enunciated by the Second Circuit in Day v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 528 F.2d 31, 32-33 (2nd Cir.1975), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1124 (1977). There the court employed a flexible, tripartite test in holding that passengers were engaged in the operations of embarking, and thus, could recover from TWA for injuries they sustained as the result of a terrorist attack at an airport in Greece. The court rejected a narrow, location-based test and instead focused on three factors: (1) activity (what the plaintiffs were doing); (2) control (at whose direction); and (3) location. Day, 528 F.2d at 33.
In Buonocore v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 900 F.2d 8, 10 (2nd Cir.1990), the Second Circuit reaffirmed the tripartite test of Day, but noted that the Day test had been criticized for construing Article 17 too broadly in favor of liability. In ruling that Buonocore's representatives could not recover from the airline for Buonocore's death because he was not engaged in any of the operations of embarking when he died as the result of a terrorist attack at a Rome airport, the court considered: (1) the activity of the passenger at the time of the accident; (2) the restrictions, if any, on his movement; (3) the imminence of actual boarding; and (4) the physical proximity of the passenger to the gate. Id. at 9. The court discussed how these factors led to the imposition of liability on the airline in Day, but to a contrary holding in Buonocore:
The first factor enunciated in Day is the activity of the passengers at the time of the accident. The Day passengers were actively engaged in preparations to board the plane. By contrast, Buonocore had only checked in at the ticket counter and was in the public area near a snack counter. The second factor is the restrictions on the passengers' movement. The Day passengers had been herded in line and risked missing the flight if they strayed. Buonocore had ample time to roam freely about the terminal before his flight was called. The third factor is the imminence of actual boarding. The Day passengers were within minutes of boarding. Buonocore's flight was to depart almost two hours later. The fourth factor is the proximity of passengers to the gate. The Day passengers were at the gate. Buonocore was nowhere near the gate.
The Third Circuit considers the three Day factors to be primarily relevant to a determination of the question of a carrier's liability under Article 17. Evangelinos v. T.W.A., Inc., 550 F.2d 152, 154 (3rd Cir.1977). That court, however, "places less weight upon carrier control over passengers than did the Day court," noting that "while control remains at least equally as important as location and activity, it is an integral factor in evaluating both location and activity." Id. at 155. Finally, the court noted that "another possibly relevant factor is whether the cause of the accident is a hazard of air travel as it exists at the time of the accident, since the Warsaw Convention was concerned with such hazards." Id. at 155 n. 8a. The court concluded that a terrorist attack was one such hazard, and denied the airline's motion for summary judgment. Id.
In a pre-Day case, the First Circuit, construing narrowly the applicability of the Warsaw Convention, focused on the location of the plaintiff at a baggage terminal, and held that Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention was not applicable to injuries sustained by an arriving passenger who fell in the baggage pickup area of an airport, both because there was insufficient evidence that the fall was the result of an accident and because the injury did not occur during any of the operations of disembarkation. MacDonald, 439 F.2d at 1404-1405.
In a later case, the First Circuit explained its holding in MacDonald, saying:
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McCarthy v. Northwest Airlines, Inc.
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