McCready v. McCready

• Decision Date: 01 September 1990
• Docket Number: No. 11,11
• Citation: 323 Md. 476,593 A.2d 1128
• Parties: Barbara J. McCREADY a/k/a Barbara Jean O'Daniel v. Timothy P. McCREADY. ,
• Court: Maryland Court of Appeals

Page 476

323 Md. 476

593 A.2d 1128

Barbara J. McCREADY a/k/a Barbara Jean O'Daniel v. Timothy P. McCREADY.

No. 11, Sept. Term, 1990.

Court of Appeals of Maryland.

Aug. 21, 1991.

Roger A. Perkins, Annapolis, for appellant.

William M. Ferris (Michaelson, Krause & Ferris, P.A., Annapolis), on brief, for appellee.

Argued Before MURPHY, C.J., and ELDRIDGE, RODOWSKY, McAULIFFE and CHASANOW, JJ.

McAULIFFE, Judge.

This child custody case requires consideration of the interaction between concepts of "best interest of the child" and "material change of circumstances," and our determination of whether the chancellor abused his discretion by ordering a modification of an existing custody order.

I.

Barbara J. McCready and Timothy M. McCready were married in 1983, when they were eighteen and twenty, respectively. A female child, Erin, was born on 26 February 1985. They were separated ten months later. Initially, by unwritten agreement of the parents, they continued joint legal custody, and the mother assumed primary physical custody of Erin. The father initially had Erin with him on alternate weekends, and then every weekend, subject to adjustments made from time to time to accommodate the schedules of the parties.

On 5 July 1988, the mother filed a complaint in the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County, alleging that the father refused to return the child after a weekend visit, and requesting pendente lite and permanent custody. The father answered and filed a counterclaim for custody, alleging that circumstances involving the mother and a breakup with her boyfriend required him to assume temporary custody, and warranted the entry of an order granting him permanent custody.

When the parties and their attorneys appeared in court on 15 July 1988 for a hearing to determine temporary custody, they informed Judge Eugene M. Lerner that they agreed to the entry of an order providing for joint legal and physical custody with a specific schedule for shared physical custody. The agreement, approved by Judge Lerner to be effective that day, provided generally for Erin to be with her mother during the week and with her father from Friday evening each week to Monday evening of one week and Tuesday evening the next. The parties agreed to continue the policy of alternating custody on successive designated holidays and to confer with each other concerning a daycare provider acceptable to both. They noted that the allocation of weekdays and weekends had been agreed upon in light of the mother's employment schedule, which required her to work weekends, and that if the mother were successful in finding weekday employment, "the parties would in good faith renegotiate this arrangement."

Five weeks after the order confirming the agreement was entered, the mother secured weekday employment. Over the next several months, she met with the father four times and spoke with him by telephone on two additional occasions in an effort to reach an agreement that would change the allocation of physical custody to permit Erin to be with her on some weekends. The negotiations were not successful. On 9 December 1988, the mother filed a complaint for divorce and child custody, asking for permanent custody of Erin. In addition to alleging the failure of the parties to agree to a modification of shared physical custody to accommodate her new work schedule, she averred that joint physical custody was causing the child to experience stress and confusion, and had not "proved to be good for Erin." She sought sole custody, with reasonable rights of visitation to be afforded the father.

The father filed an answer and counterclaim. He admitted that joint physical custody had not proven beneficial to Erin, but stated it would be in the best interest of the child to have primary custody granted to him.

The case was heard by Judge Robert H. Heller, Jr. for three days commencing 31 July 1989. Judge Heller decided that the best interest of the child required a change from joint physical custody to primary physical custody by the father. He granted visitation to the mother on five weekends and three weeknights every eight weeks, and for six weekends each summer. He continued the shared schedule of holidays. He also ordered the parents to "consult with each other about, and participate jointly and fully in all long range decision[s] involving Erin's education, religious training discipline, and medical care, and other matters of major significance concerning the child's life and welfare...."

The mother appealed to the Court of Special Appeals, and we granted certiorari on our own motion before consideration of the case by that court.

The mother presents two arguments. First, she contends the chancellor improperly applied the "best interest of the child" standard. Second, she argues that even if the correct standard was applied, the chancellor abused his discretion in awarding sole legal and physical custody to the father.

II.

As a threshold matter, we address the mother's concern that the chancellor disturbed joint legal custody. As we read the order, he did not. In Taylor v. Taylor, 306 Md. 290, 296, 508 A.2d 964 (1986), we defined joint legal custody as follows:

Legal custody carries with it the right and obligation to make long range decisions involving education, religious training, discipline, medical care, and other matters of major significance concerning the child's life and welfare.

The chancellor tracked this language in his order and, notwithstanding earlier language in the order awarding "custody" to the father, which we believe in context referred to physical custody, and notwithstanding the absence of the label "joint legal custody," we find it clear the chancellor continued the existing joint legal custody. Neither party has voiced an objection to that status, and we turn to the questions involving physical custody.

III.

The mother contends the "best interest of the child" standard should not have been used when the chancellor was considering a change of custody previously ordered by the court. In that instance, she argues, the proper standard should be whether there is evidence of a material change in circumstances affecting the welfare of the child.

The appropriate standard for determining a contested custody case is the best interest of the child. As we said in Taylor v. Taylor, supra, 306 Md. at 303, 508 A.2d 964:

We emphasize that in any child custody case, the paramount concern is the best interest of the child. As Judge Orth pointed out for the Court in Ross v. Hoffman, 280 Md. 172, 175 n. 1, 372 A.2d 582 (1977), we have variously characterized this standard as being 'of transcendent importance' and the 'sole question.' The best interest of the child is therefore not considered as one of many factors, but as the objective to which virtually all other factors speak.

The question of whether there has been a material change in circumstances which relates to the welfare of the child is, however, often of importance in a custody case. The desirability of maintaining stability in the life of a child is well recognized, and a change in custody may disturb that stability.

Stability is not, however, the sole reason for ordinarily requiring proof of a change in circumstances to justify a modification of an existing custody order. A litigious or disappointed parent must not be permitted to relitigate questions of custody endlessly upon the same facts, hoping to find a chancellor sympathetic to his or her claim. An order determining custody must be afforded some finality, even though it may subsequently be modified when changes so warrant to protect the best interest of the child. As we said in Hardisty v. Salerno, 255 Md. 436, 439, 258 A.2d 209 (1969), "[w]hile custody decrees are never final in Maryland, any reconsideration of a decree should emphasize changes in circumstances which have occurred subsequent to the last court hearing." ¹ Even this general statement may be subject to exception in the case of prior facts existing but unknown and not reasonably discoverable at the time of the entry of the original order, such as the fact that a parent to whom custody had been granted was, and continues to be, a sexual abuser of the child. See Sharp, Modification of Agreement-Based Custody Decrees: Unitary or Dual Standard?, 68 Va.L.Rev. 1263, 1266-71 (1982).

In the limited situation where it is clear that the party seeking modification of a custody order is offering nothing new, and is simply attempting to relitigate the earlier determination, the effort will fail on that ground alone. In that instance, appellant would be correct in stating that the absence of a showing of a change in circumstances ordinarily is dispositive,...