McCullough v. KAMMERER CORPORATION, 9957.

• Decision Date: 18 October 1943
• Docket Number: No. 9957.,9957.
• Citation: 138 F.2d 482
• Parties: McCULLOUGH v. KAMMERER CORPORATION et al.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

138 F.2d 482 (1943)

McCULLOUGH v. KAMMERER CORPORATION et al.

No. 9957.

Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

October 18, 1943.

R. Welton Whann and Robt. M. McManigal, both of Los Angeles, Cal., and A. W. Boyken, of San Francisco, Cal., for appellant.

Frederick S. Lyon and Leonard S. Lyon, both of Los Angeles, Cal., for appellees.

Before DENMAN, MATHEWS, and STEPHENS, Circuit Judges.

DENMAN, Circuit Judge.

This cause is here upon appeals from two judgments of the district court holding a patent numbered 1,625,391, hereinafter called the Reilly-Stone patent, owned by appellee Kammerer Corporation of which appellee Baash-Ross Tool Company is sole licensee, valid and infringed by three of appellant's products. A permanent injunction was granted and a reference ordered for the determination of damages. The devices in question are tools used in the oil industry for cutting and removing frozen or stuck drill pipes from wells. There were two suits below against appellant, the second for a device added to the devices claimed in the first suit as infringing the patent. Upon stipulation the two suits were ordered consolidated for trial and for all other purposes. However, they were treated as if separate cases having common evidence. The opinion of District Judge Yankwich with accompanying reproductions of a tool described in the patent is reported in 39 F.Supp. 213. We affirm the judgments of the District Court, considering here only the appellant's claim of error.

The Reilly-Stone patent specifies and claims an improvement over the device of a prior patent, No. 1,277,600, hereinafter designated as the Kammerer patent. It is not questioned that the Reilly-Stone claims of which numbers 1, 2 and 21¹ relied on by appellees are warranted by the specifications. The contentions of appellant are that the device shown by the specifications has no patentable novelty, and if the patent is valid, there is no infringement.

The combination patented by Kammerer is a cylindrical tool surrounding a pipe to be cut. It has two parts, (a) an inner cylinder constructed to revolve about the pipe, but held against upward movement by the bracing of arms extending upward against the under side of a joint coupling in the pipe, the inner cylinder having firmly attached wedges pointing downward, the inner side of the wedges angling from their lower ends upward and inward towards the pipe, and (b) an outer cylinder constructed to revolve with the inner cylinder, but movable upward when revolving and carrying up with it cutters rectilinear in form on their non-cutting sides and contained in similar apertures in the outer cylinder and movable inwards at right angles. The upward movement of the outer cylinder draws its cutters' outer ends against the angled faces of the downward pointing wedges of the vertically immovable inner cylinder, thus pressing them into the pipe.

The upper ends of the outer cylinder of the Kammerer tool are firmly attached to a cylindrical casing which extends upward into the rig above the pipe to be cut, where it is rotated and gradually lifted, thus rotating and lifting the outer cylinder of the tool and with it the cutters. The result is a spiral, upward cut, gradually deepening into the pipe until it is entirely severed.

The cutting may take place several thousand feet below the surface of the ground. Hence obvious difficulties of mechanical adjustment were presented (1) in the upward pull of the long connecting casing and the cutters in the outer cylinder of the tool against the relatively short length of the downward fixed wedge, with (2) the concentric cylinders, the one dragged upwards against the other while both revolving together, and (3) the likelihood of torque in the long connecting member with the friction of the upward motion of the outer cylinder against the structure of the inner cylinder and of the cutter against the wedge. The field was open for invention of a "new and useful inprovement" in the pipe cutting art.

The Reilly-Stone device has a similar inner and outer cylinder the inner fixed against movement upwards by extending arms. Its wedging device is a continuous ring angled towards the pipe. However the downward pointing wedge ring of the Reilly-Stone cutter instead of being immobile in the cutting operation is moved downward against the outer edge of the cutters standing vertically on pivots attached below to the outer cylinder, wedging the cutting edge against and into the pipe without any substantially vertical movement in the cutters. This arrangement results in a substantially horizontal, circular cut instead of a spirally upward cut, as the outer cylinder revolves the cutters around the pipe on a fixed horizontal plane.

The downward movement of the Reilly-Stone wedge ring is from the pressure of a spring braced against the lower edge of a pipe collar through the upward extending arms of the inner cylinder. The spring, a part of the inner cylinder of the tool, is relaxed until the cutting point is reached and the engaging arms are braced against the pipe collar. It is then compressed by the upward movement of the outer cylinder of the tool. Then by the shearing of a restraining pin the stored power in the spring is released and applied to the wedge, causing its downward movement which is translated by the wedges into horizontal pressure on the cutters forcing them against the pipe.

The outer cylinder's upward movement is solely to compress the spring and then to trip it free to release its energy on the wedge. The only movement of the outer cylinder in the cutting operation is circular on a single horizontal plane.

There was a great gain in having the downward wedging power in the spring at the place of cutting and in the cutters making a circular cut, as distinguished from attempting to move the cutters upward against the fixed wedge by lifting the weight of the outer cylinder plus the heavy weight of its long connecting casing extending to the rig above, creating the attendant friction of upward movement of the outer cylinder against the inner cylinder, all resulting in a spiral cutting operation. The manufacture of the Kammerer tool was at once discontinued for that of the Reilly-Stone. The latter had wide use and great economic success.

The appellants contend that the combination of the two cylinders of the tool, the one functioning against the other to produce a transverse wedging motion on the revolving cutter was old in the art since the expiration of the Kammerer patent; and that applying the power to the wedge by a spring is a mere mechanical equivalent of the application of the force on the wedge through the continuing upward lifting of the tool and connecting casing by the power at the head-rig.

With this contention we cannot agree. Because the result in both cases is that the pipe is cut by a wedging process is not determinative of equivalency of either the wedging devices or their functions. The precompression of the spring before the wedging process and its automatic release of its power when the shearing device permits its application to the moving wedge is a device differing in the function of creating the power and storing it, from the function of continued lifting of the tool manually controlled above ground.

Also different in function is the cutting itself. Kammerer's cutters as gradually lifted, necessarily move into and through the pipe in a narrowing ascending spiral. Reilly-Stone cutters move directly into the pipe on a horizontal plane that is "inwardly".²

Here we have a different mechanical means of holding and applying power to perform a different power function and a different cutter mechanism to perform a different cutting function with a great operational gain in eliminating the double motion of the outer cylinder at once horizontally circular and at right angles upward. It is the combination of these two mechanisms and functions with the tool's combined concentric cylinders, one fixed to the pipe and the other moving co-operatively outside it, which are obvious reasons for the abandonment of the manufacture of Kammerer tools and the substitution of that of Reilly-Stone and the latter's success. Its new mechanisms and functions are not mere mechanical equivalents of the Kammerer device.

In the prior art, cutters standing vertically on a pivot had been wedged into pipes to sever them. In other branches of mechanics springs had been used to press wedges to move other members. But neither had been combined before with such a combination of the concentric cylinders, one moving upward and then functioning in co-operation with the fixed inner cylinder in such a complex cutter device. We agree with the District Court that the Reilly-Stone new combination is an invention and that its patent is valid with respect to the claims 1, 2, and...