McKinney v. Maynard

• Decision Date: 23 December 1991
• Docket Number: No. 89-7105,89-7105
• Parties: Robert Dale McKINNEY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Gary MAYNARD, Director, Dept. of Corrections; Earl Allen, Warden, McLeod Corr. Center, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 350

952 F.2d 350

Robert Dale McKINNEY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Gary MAYNARD, Director, Dept. of Corrections; Earl Allen Warden, McLeod Corr. Center, Defendants-Appellees.

No. 89-7105.

United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.

Dec. 23, 1991.

F. Browning Pipestem, Norman, Okl., for plaintiff-appellant.

Gay Abston Tudor, Asst. Atty. Gen., (Susan B. Loving, Atty. Gen., with him on the brief), Oklahoma City, Okl., for defendants-appellees.

Before MOORE and TACHA, Circuit Judges, and KANE, District Judge. ^*

JOHN P. MOORE, Circuit Judge.

Robert Dale McKinney, formerly an inmate at the Howard McLeod Correctional Center in Farris, Oklahoma, appeals the dismissal of his pro se complaint as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d). Mr. McKinney, an adopted Sioux Indian, filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging a violation of his First Amendment right to practice his Native American religion and seeking declaratory and injunctive relief to prohibit Oklahoma prison authorities from enforcing a prison grooming code against him; to require prison officials to return his medicine bag; and to permit the construction of a sweat lodge at the correctional facility. Additionally, he requested damages in an unspecified amount. Because Mr. McKinney's complaint contains "an arguable basis either in law or in fact," Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 109 S.Ct. 1827, 1831, 104 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989), we vacate the dismissal and remand.

We note initially Gary Maynard and other named prison officials (the State) have moved for summary disposition of this appeal on the ground that because Mr. McKinney has been transferred from McLeod and is currently on pre-parole status, this action is now moot. ¹ We heartily disagree. Not only are Mr. McKinney's damage claims unaffected by his transfer, but also his injunctive claims survive as well. Morales v. Schmidt, 489 F.2d 1335 (7th Cir.1973). Even as a parolee, circumstances may result in Mr. McKinney's reinstitutionalization. Thus, the acts of which he now complains are subject to reoccurrence, and the issues he raises are not moot. Id. at 1336; see also Diamontiney v. Borg, 918 F.2d 793, 795, n. 1 (9th Cir.1990). We therefore proceed to the merits of this appeal.

I.

Upon his incarceration at McLeod, a minimum security facility, Mr. McKinney was ordered to turn in his medicine bag. ² When his hair grew longer, prison officials ordered him to cut it and denied his request for an exemption from the grooming code. ³ Later, in response to his desire to participate in a sweat lodge ceremony, Mr. McKinney met with the warden who permitted him to submit plans for constructing the sweat lodge. Mr. McKinney supplied the drawings and materials list which included willow poles, canvas squares, firewood, and rocks. However, the warden summarily denied the request stating the materials were unavailable, and the sweat lodge was a security risk. Despite Mr. McKinney's desire to worship as a Keeper of the Pipe, his suggested alternatives were ignored. After his administrative appeals were denied, he filed this suit. ⁴

In his pro se complaint, Mr. McKinney described himself as a Pipe Carrier for the citizen Band Potawatomi Indians of Oklahoma ⁵ and set forth allegations in support of his claim that he had been denied the religious freedom to worship in his Native American traditional practice. ⁶ In response to the district court's order under Martinez v. Aaron, 570 F.2d 317 (10th Cir.1978), the State filed a Special Report addressing the questions of the grooming code violation, the confiscation of the medicine bag, and the rejection of the request to construct a sweat lodge at the facility. The Report indicated a complete audit of the McLeod chapel provided for worship established the facility had complied with prison specifications, and constructing a sweat lodge would not meet the fire marshal's safety standards and threaten security at the facility. The Report explained the medicine bag was confiscated as unauthorized property upon plaintiff's initial processing for incarceration. Finally, the Report stated that Mr. McKinney's request for an exemption from the grooming code had been rejected, and "Native Americans are not going to be exempted from the grooming code on the basis of their religious claim (Exhibit H)."

In its order, the district court accepted the findings of the Report and concluded Mr. McKinney had not been deprived of his First Amendment rights "by denying him use of ceremonial items which violate reasonable and necessary regulations for prison safety and security." Therefore, the district court dismissed the complaint as frivolous under § 1915(d). ⁷

II.

We know "convicted prisoners do not forfeit all constitutional protections by reason of their convictions and confinement in prison," Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 545, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 1877, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979), and "clearly retain protections afforded by the First Amendment." Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822, 94 S.Ct. 2800, 2804, 41 L.Ed.2d 495 (1974). Although the practice of Native American traditional religion may not conform as neatly to those accommodations already provided in a prison setting, that, standing alone, neither renders the claim of a Native American worshipper frivolous nor terminates the responsibility of prison officials to consider some accommodation. Indeed, the fact that prison authorities have made accommodations to other religions should provide some guidance in determining the frivolousness of Mr. McKinney's claim. See Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322, 92 S.Ct. 1079, 1081, 31 L.Ed.2d 263 (1972). Most importantly, we do not evaluate such claims in a vacuum but are guided by established substantive and procedural principles.

First, we recognize, "[w]hen a prison regulation or practice offends a fundamental constitutional guarantee, federal courts will discharge their duty to protect constitutional rights." Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 405, 94 S.Ct. 1800, 1807, 40 L.Ed.2d 224 (1987). To this end, Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89, 107 S.Ct. 2254, 2261, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1974), sets forth a balancing test to determine whether a prison regulation impinging on inmates' constitutional rights is nevertheless valid because it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. Turner offers four factors for the district court to consider: (1) whether there is a "valid, rational connection" between the prison action and the "legitimate government interest put forward to justify it," id. at 89, 107 S.Ct. at 2262; (2) if there are alternative means of exercising the right that remain open to prison inmates, id. at 90, 107 S.Ct. at 2262; (3) whether the "impact [that] accommodation of the asserted constitutional right will have on guards and other inmates, and on the allocation of prison resources generally," id.; and (4) whether "obvious, easy alternatives" to the disputed prison activity are present. See also Frazier v. Dubois, 922 F.2d 560, 562 (10th Cir.1990).

Second, in evaluating a complaint under § 1915(d), we have stated a Martinez report should be used "only to identify and clarify bona fide disputes, not to resolve them." Reed v. Dunham, 893 F.2d 285, 287 (10th Cir.1990). "A bona fide factual dispute exists even when the plaintiff's factual allegations that are in conflict with the Martinez report are less specific or well-documented than those contained in the report." Hall v. Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1109 (10th Cir.1991). "Whenever a plaintiff states an arguable claim for relief, dismissal for frivolousness under § 1915(d) is improper, even if the legal basis underlying the claim ultimately proves incorrect." McKinney v. State of Okla. Dept. of Human Servs., 925 F.2d 363, 365 (10th Cir.1991). ⁸

Despite the Turner framework and the articulated strictures for a § 1915(d) dismissal, the district court accepted the DOC's Special Report as conclusive and dismissed the complaint. However, given Mr. McKinney's allegations that he has been deprived of all means of religious expression by being forced to comply with the grooming code, by relinquishing his medicine bag when inmates are permitted to wear necklaces and pendants of a specified size in minimum security facilities, and by having no means to practice his religion while incarcerated, ⁹ we conclude the complaint cannot be dismissed as frivolous under § 1915(d). Neitzke, 109 S.Ct. at 1831.

We therefore vacate the dismissal and remand the case for proceedings incorporating the analysis set forth in Turner. We further note O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 352, 107 S.Ct. 2400, 2406, 96 L.Ed.2d 282 (1987), enhanced...