McKoy v. McKoy, COA09-447.

Citation689 S.E.2d 590
Decision Date16 February 2010
Docket NumberNo. COA09-447.,COA09-447.
CourtCourt of Appeal of North Carolina (US)
PartiesSarah Isadora McKOY, Plaintiff, v. Willis Eugene McKOY, Defendant.

Robinson & Lawing, LLP, by Michelle D. Reingold, Winston-Salem, for plaintiff-appellant.

No brief filed on behalf of defendant-appellee.

HUNTER, ROBERT C., Judge.

This appeal arises out of a custody dispute in district court between plaintiff Sarah Isadora McKoy and defendant Willis Eugene McKoy regarding their daughter T.M., who was previously adjudicated an incompetent adult by the clerk of superior court under Chapter 35A of the General Statutes. Plaintiff appeals from the trial court's orders (1) denying plaintiff's motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction and (2) granting joint custody of T.M. to plaintiff and defendant. Plaintiff's sole contention on appeal is that the trial court should have dismissed the parties' custody action, which was part of their larger divorce and equitable distribution action, for lack of jurisdiction under Chapter 50 because, after the clerk of superior court adjudicated T.M. incompetent under Chapter 35A, the clerk retained exclusive jurisdiction to resolve all disputes regarding custody of T.M. We agree with plaintiff's contention, and, accordingly, reverse the trial court's order denying plaintiff's motion to dismiss and vacate the court's custody order.

Facts

Plaintiff and defendant were married on 29 March 1975. While married the McKoys had two children, M.M., born 1 July 1976, and T.M., born 4 March 1980. T.M. suffers from cerebral palsy, severe mental retardation, scoliosis, chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure, and vision problems. On 25 March 1998, after T.M.'s 18th birthday, the McKoys jointly petitioned the clerk of superior court to declare T.M. incompetent and to appoint both plaintiff and defendant as her guardians under Chapter 35A. On 9 April 1998, the clerk entered an order adjudicating T.M. as being an incompetent adult and finding that she should be appointed a guardian. In another order entered the same day, the clerk appointed both plaintiff and defendant as T.M.'s joint guardians.

Roughly six years later, on 20 February 2004, plaintiff and defendant separated. On 30 April 2004, plaintiff filed a complaint under Chapter 50 seeking equitable distribution, post-separation support and alimony, and joint legal custody and primary physical custody of T.M. (who was then 24). On 25 June 2004, defendant filed an answer and counterclaim, also seeking custody of T.M. Their divorce was finalized on 23 May 2005.

The trial court conducted a hearing on the issue of custody on 23-24 March 2006, which was continued until 20 April 2006. On 20 April 2006, prior to plaintiff finishing presenting her evidence in the custody hearing, plaintiff filed a motion to dismiss the Chapter 50 custody action, asserting that the clerk of superior court retained exclusive jurisdiction over T.M.'s guardianship under Chapter 35A and thus the trial court lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate the custody action. Plaintiff requested in the alternative that a guardian ad litem be appointed for T.M. pursuant to Rule 17(b) of the Rules of Civil Procedure.

In an order entered 5 September 2006, the trial court denied plaintiff's motion to dismiss but appointed T.M. a guardian ad litem. After concluding the custody hearing on 9 February 2007, the trial court entered an order on 19 March 2007, finding that it had subject-matter jurisdiction and awarding plaintiff and defendant joint legal custody of T.M., with plaintiff having custody 60% of the time and defendant having custody 40% of the time. A final equitable distribution judgment was entered 2 September 2008. On 17 December 2008, plaintiff voluntarily dismissed her claim for post-separation support and alimony and appealed to this Court from the trial court's 5 September 2006 order denying her motion to dismiss and the court's 19 March 2007 custody order.

Discussion

Plaintiff's sole argument on appeal is that the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to determine custody of T.M. Whether a trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law, reviewed de novo on appeal. Harper v. City of Asheville, 160 N.C.App. 209, 213, 585 S.E.2d 240, 243 (2003). Subject-matter jurisdiction "involves the authority of a court to adjudicate the type of controversy presented by the action before it." Haker-Volkening v. Haker, 143 N.C.App. 688, 693, 547 S.E.2d 127, 130, disc. review denied, 354 N.C. 217, 554 S.E.2d 338 (2001). Subject-matter jurisdiction derives from the law that organizes a court and cannot be conferred on a court by action of the parties or assumed by a court except as provided by that law. In re Peoples, 296 N.C. 109, 144, 250 S.E.2d 890, 910 (1978), cert. denied sub nom. Peoples v. Judicial Standards Comm'n of N.C., 442 U.S. 929, 99 S.Ct. 2859, 61 L.Ed.2d 297 (1979). "When a court decides a matter without the court's having jurisdiction, then the whole proceeding is null and void, i.e., as if it had never happened." Hopkins v. Hopkins, 8 N.C.App. 162, 169, 174 S.E.2d 103, 108 (1970). Thus the trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction may be challenged at any stage of the proceedings. In re T.R.P., 360 N.C. 588, 595, 636 S.E.2d 787, 793 (2006).

Here, the trial court determined that it had subject-matter jurisdiction under Chapter 50 to enter its custody order. Plaintiff contends, however, that once the clerk of superior court obtained jurisdiction to adjudicate T.M. as an incompetent adult and appointed plaintiff and defendant as her guardians under Chapter 35A, any modification of T.M.'s custody required filing a motion in the cause with the clerk under Chapter 35A rather than filing an action for custody in district court under Chapter 50. Issues of statutory construction are questions of law, reviewed de novo on appeal. Moody v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 191 N.C.App. 256, 264, 664 S.E.2d 569, 575 (2008).

Chapter 35A "establishes the exclusive procedure for adjudicating a person to be an incompetent adult or an incompetent child." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1102 (2009). Pursuant to N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1103(a) (2009), the clerk of superior court "ha[s] original jurisdiction over proceedings" determining competency. Here, as a result of a hearing conducted pursuant to N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1112 (2009), T.M. was declared an "incompetent adult."1

After an adjudication of incompetence, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1203 (2009) provides the clerk with "original jurisdiction for the appointment of guardians of the person, guardians of the estate, or general guardians for incompetent persons and of related proceedings ...." In appointing a guardian, the clerk may conduct a hearing and receive evidence regarding, among other things, "[t]he nature and extent of the needed guardianship," N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1212(a) (2009), and issue letters of appointment specifying the "powers and duties of the guardian or guardians," N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1215(b) (2009). N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1241 (2009) specifies the "powers and duties" of guardians of the person, including (1) The guardian of the person is entitled to custody of the person of the guardian's ward and shall make provision for the ward's care, comfort, and maintenance, and shall, as appropriate to the ward's needs, arrange for the ward's training, education, employment, rehabilitation or habilitation....

(2) The guardian of the person may establish the ward's place of abode within or without this State....

N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1241(1)-(2) (emphasis added). Here, the clerk issued letters of appointment naming both plaintiff and defendant as T.M.'s "guardian[s] of the person" and authorizing them "to have ... custody, care and control of [T.M.]"

With respect to authority over guardians of incompetent persons, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1203 provides:

(b) The clerk shall retain jurisdiction following appointment of a guardian in order to assure compliance with the clerk's orders and those of the superior court. The clerk shall have authority to remove a guardian for cause and shall appoint a successor guardian .... after removal, death, or resignation of a guardian.

(c) The clerk shall have authority to determine disputes between guardians and to adjust the amount of the guardian's bond.

N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1203(b)-(c) (emphasis added). Chapter 35A also allows "[a]ny interested person [to] file a motion in the cause with the clerk ... to request modification of the order appointing a guardian or guardians or consideration of any matter pertaining to the guardianship." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1207(a) (2009) (emphasis added).

Reading Chapter 35A's provisions in pari materia, see Redevelopment Commission of Greensboro v. Security Nat. Bank of Greensboro, 252 N.C. 595, 610, 114 S.E.2d 688, 698 (1960) ("It is a fundamental rule of statutory construction that sections and acts in pari materia, and all parts thereof, should be construed together and compared with each other."), we conclude that the clerk of superior court is the proper forum for determining custody disputes regarding a person previously adjudicated an incompetent adult and who has been provided a guardian under Chapter 35A. The Chapter provides that the clerk has the authority to appoint guardians for incompetent persons, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1203, and to specify the guardians' powers and duties, including custody of the person declared incompetent, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 35A-1241. Chapter 35A further specifies that the clerk retains jurisdiction to ensure compliance with "the clerk's orders and those of the superior court" and to "determine disputes between guardians." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 35A-1203(b), (c). In addition, interested parties are directed to file a motion in the cause with the...

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