Mellinger v. State

• Decision Date: 26 June 1987
• Docket Number: No. 16675,16675
• Citation: 740 P.2d 73,113 Idaho 31
• Court: Idaho Court of Appeals
• Parties: Alfred MELLINGER, Petitioner-Appellant, v. STATE of Idaho, Respondent.

Page 73

740 P.2d 73

113 Idaho 31

Alfred MELLINGER, Petitioner-Appellant, v. STATE of Idaho, Respondent.

No. 16675.

Court of Appeals of Idaho.

June 26, 1987.

Petition for Review Denied Sept. 17, 1987

Alan E. Trimming, Ada County Public Defender, Boise, for petitioner-appellant.

Jim Jones, Atty. Gen., David R. Minert, Deputy Atty. Gen., Boise, for respondent.

WALTERS, Chief Judge.

Effective July 1, 1979, I.C. § 19-4902 was amended to provide a five-year limitation period for filing an application for post-conviction relief. Previous to the amendment, no period of limitation was prescribed in the statute. This appeal presents the question whether the five-year limitation mandated by the amendment applies to a conviction entered before the effective date of the amendment. We hold that it does.

In June, 1972, Alfred Mellinger, who was found to be a persistent violator of the law, received concurrent life terms for each of two counts of assault with a deadly weapon. On November 18, 1985, he filed an application for post-conviction relief. The district court applied the five-year limitation in I.C. § 19-4902 and dismissed Mellinger's petition on grounds of untimeliness. Mellinger appeals from the dismissal order.

As originally enacted, I.C. § 19-4902 provided that an application for post-conviction relief "may be filed at any time." In 1979, however, the legislature amended the statute to provide that:

An application may be filed at any time within five (5) years from the expiration of the time for appeal or from the determination of an appeal or from the determination of a proceeding following an appeal, whichever is later.

1979 Idaho Sess. Laws, ch. 133 § 1, p. 428. The district court held that the amendment to the statute applied to Mellinger. The court determined that Mellinger had five years from July 1, 1979 (the effective date of the amendment) to file his application for relief. Because the application had been filed after the expiration of the five-year period, the district court dismissed the application.

Mellinger contends the court erred in applying the amendment to his petition. Relying on I.C. § 73-101, which provides that "[n]o part of these compiled laws is retroactive, unless expressly so declared," Mellinger asserts that the amendment to I.C. § 19-4902 contains no expression by the legislature indicating the amended statute should be given retrospective effect. It is well-settled that "unless the legislature in its enactments uses expressions clearly indicative of the intent that the statute be given retrospective effect, it will not be so construed." In re Pahlke, 56 Idaho 338, 341-42, 53 P.2d 1177, 1178 (1936).

Mellinger posed this same argument--unsuccessfully--to the district court. The district court, citing University of Utah Hospital v. Pence, 104 Idaho 172, 657 P.2d 469 (1982), held that legislative reductions of statutory periods of limitation may apply to accrued causes of action, provided a reasonable time is allowed within which to assert the cause. The court noted Mellinger previously had filed applications for post-conviction relief in 1981 and in 1983. Both of those applications had been dismissed. The court ruled:

[Mellinger] cannot now argue that his post-conviction rights would be cut off by retroactive application of I.C. § 19-4902, when he has twice asserted those rights after the effective date of the statute as amended. ... Both Idaho case law and considerations of fairness support application of the 5-year statute of limitations [sic] under I.C. § 19-4902 to the petition before this court, with the 5 year period commencing on July 1, 1979, the effective date of the statute.

We agree that this case is controlled by the Idaho Supreme Court's ruling in University of Utah Hospital v. Pence, supra; and hence, the district court correctly applied I.C. § 19-4902 as amended in 1979. However, contrary to the district court's ruling, this case is not decided by the retroactive application of § 19-4902, but rather by the prospective application of the statute. The Pence court, faced with the same issue as here, acknowledged that retroactive application of such a time limitation would be contrary to general principles of law and I.C. § 73-101 (which requires an express declaration for retroactive application of a statute). The Pence court stated that "a statute is not made retroactive merely because it draws upon facts antecedent to its enactment for its operation." Id. at 174, 657 P.2d at 471.

The Pence case dealt with an application for indigent medical services. The patient was admitted and released from the hospital at a time when the applicable statute permitted a one-year period for filing an application for aid. Subsequent to the patient's release, the statute was amended to reduce the allowable time for applying for aid to forty-five days following admission to the hospital. The Idaho Supreme Court ruled that the amended version of the statute was applicable. The Court indicated the amendment represented a change in procedural law, and the plaintiffs, although subject to the amended statute, were to be afforded the full forty-five day period beginning from the effective date of the amended statute. The Court noted the plaintiffs had "fair notice" of the new time limitation. Inherent in the Court's ruling was that forty-five days was a reasonable time within which to file for aid. The questions posed to the Pence court and to the present court are the same. Therefore we hold that application of the amended § 19-4902 in this case was proper.

We note that Pence drew two dissenting opinions. Justice Bakes argued that applying the new limitation period was a retroactive application of the statute. Justice Bakes' opinion was based on his view that the plaintiffs had acquired a right to file for benefits for a one-year period. He also argued that application of the amended statute ignored the plaintiff's right to rely on existing law and caused them undue hardship. Justice Bistline, who also concurred with Justice Bakes on the retroactivity issue, additionally challenged whether the plaintiffs received "fair notice" of the amendment, and whether they had had a reasonable opportunity to file a claim under the amended statute. We draw attention to these carefully constructed dissents because we conclude that our ruling in the present case would be the same even taking into consideration their arguments.

In the Pence case, the amended statute changed the filing period from one-year to forty-five days. The amendment here changed the limitation period from no time limit at all to five years. We think the difference between the forty-five days allowed in Pence, and the five years allowed here is an important distinction. Under Mellinger's interpretation a party convicted prior to 1979 would never be restricted as to filing a post-conviction relief petition; no reasonable time limit on the filing of a petition could ever be established. We conclude that Mellinger's interpretation does not comport with a consideration of the administration of justice. The five-year limitation period created here appears to this Court to at least be a reasonable time within which relief under Idaho's Post-Conviction Procedure Act may be sought. Also, at the time Mellinger filed this petition, existing case law and the amended statute clearly identified the five-year limitation period.

Addressing Justice Bistline's concerns in Pence, we note that Mellinger's two earlier petitions were filed after the effective date of the amended statute. Had Mellinger checked the statute at the time he filed even his first petition in 1981, he would have known of the amendment. We conclude that there was fair notice of the change.

Mellinger suggests that the five-year limitation was given unfair ex post facto application in that it deprived him of a preexisting statutory right (to file his application at any time). We find such an argument to be unpersuasive. In State v. Coleman, 185 Mont. 299, 605 P.2d 1000 (1979), the Montana Supreme Court addressed a similar argument. The Montana court had remanded to the district court for resentencing of the defendant for homicide. The defendant argued he was entitled to be sentenced under the law in effect at the time he committed his crime. The portion of that law which mandated the death penalty had been held unconstitutional; consequently the defendant could have been sentenced only to a life term under that law. The Montana court ruled that the district court, on remand, had correctly applied the subsequently enacted sentencing statute which authorized--but did not mandate--the death penalty after a mitigation hearing. The Montana court thoroughly discussed what makes application of a statute ex post facto. The court concluded that it was the effect the statute will have that determines its ex post facto nature. The court noted that the prohibition against ex post facto laws has its roots in the desire of the framers of the Constitution to prevent a sovereign authority from later making an act criminal which was innocent when committed. The court concluded that the important question to be asked is whether some substantial right of the accused has been materially affected. Changes in procedure not affecting materially the rights of the defendant do not come within the prohibition against ex post facto laws. Id.

More recently, the United States Supreme Court addressed the implication of ex post facto laws. The Court noted that "central to the ex post facto prohibition is a concern for 'the lack of fair notice and governmental restraint when the legislature increases punishment beyond what was prescribed when the crime was consummated.' " [Italics in original.] Miller v. Florida, 482 U.S. ----, ----, 107 S.Ct. 2446, 2451, 96 L.Ed.2d 351 (1987) (quoting Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 30, 101 S.Ct. 960, 965, 67 L.Ed.2d 17 (1981)). The Court further held that:

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