Merchants Bank v. State Bank

• Decision Date: 01 December 1870
• Citation: 10 Wall. 604,77 U.S. 604,19 L.Ed. 1008
• Parties: MERCHANTS' BANK v. STATE BANK
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

77 U.S. 604

19 L.Ed. 1008

10 Wall. 604

MERCHANTS' BANK v. STATE BANK.

December Term, 1870

ERROR to the Circuit Court for the District of Massachusetts, in a suit by the Merchants' National Bank against the State National Bank, upon three checks of Mellen, Ward & Co., on the latter bank, marked 'good' by its cashier, and given to the former bank; amounting, the three, to $600,000.

The case, as developed by admitted facts and by the plaintiff's evidence alone, was thus:

Both banks were associations organized under the National Currency Act of 1864; the State Bank with a capital, as its articles of association seemed to show, of $1,800,000, capable of being increased.

Under this National Currency Act the affairs of 'every such association shall be managed by not less than five directors, one of whom shall be president.' The directors during their whole term of office must be citizens of the United States. Three-fourths of them must have resided in the State one year preceding their election, and reside there during their continuance in office. Each must own at least ten shares of stock, and as such owner he is personally liable to twice their value. All are to be sworn to the diligent and honest administration of the affairs of the association.

The total liabilities of any person, or firm or association, to the bank, shall never, by section twenty-nine of the act, exceed one-tenth of its capital. Bonds are to be deposited as security for the bills of the bank, which by section twenty-one may never exceed 90 per cent. of the bonds deposited. Section twenty-three enacts that no bank shall issue post notes, or other notes, to circulate as money than such as are authorized by the foregoing provisions of the act, and by various sections¹ care is taken to restrain the circulation, and to secure its redemption.

The act by its eighth section enacts that each association organized under it may, 'by its board of directors appoint a president, vice-president, cashier, and other officers, define their duties,' &c., &c. And it authorizes the association to exercise all such incidental powers as shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking by discounting and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and other evidences of debt; by receiving deposits; by buying and selling exchange, coin, and bullion, &c. The directors are empowered to regulate by by-laws the manner in which its general business shall be conducted. 'And its usual business,' says the same section, 'shall be transacted at an office or banking-house located in the place specified in its organization certificate.'

The directors of the State Bank defined the duties of their cashier, no otherwise than that by the 1st article of the by-laws he was to notify corporate meetings, and act as clerk at them; by article 7th was to be responsible for moneys, funds, and all other valuables of the bank; by article 11th 'was—(either he or the president)—to sign all conveyances of real estate voted by the directors; and by article 17th was—(either he or the president again)—to sign all contracts, checks, drafts, receipts,' &c. and also all indorsements necessary to be made by the bank.

Evidence, however, showed that, as matter of fact, the cashier of the Merchants' Bank was intrusted by its directors with large and comprehensive powers in dealing with the funds; so much so that instead of his transactions going regularly, as they occurred, through the books of the bank, and being credited or debited to the accounts to which they severally belonged, there was opened on the books of the bank one general account with the cashier, in which all the debits and the credits arising out of them, were entered to his debit or credit, that these transactions, thus entered on the books, embraced the giving of checks in lieu of bills where discounts were made; giving checks for the purchase of exchange; giving checks for money borrowed of other banks; that the amount of checks thus given for exchange, and in lieu of bank bills on discounts, during the five months prior to the transaction which was the subject of this suit, was $2,500,000, and in addition, that the amount of such checks given for money borrowed of other banks during the same period, was $1,547,000. And that regular printed blank checks were kept by the bank to facilitate these operations of their cashier.

So also evidence derived from the officers of twenty-two banks of Boston, in relation to the dealings of such banks with each other, showed a usage by which, without by-law or vote, powers were intrusted to cashiers of such banks to borrow and lend the money of their banks of and to each; to buy and sell exchange of and to each other, and in all such transactions to pledge the credit of their respective banks—usually by cashiers' check, sometimes by certificates of deposit or memoranda; that these transactions were frequent, involving large sums of money, and that they were uniformly conducted in faith of the implied powers of cashiers, without inquiry; but the usage shown with regard to the powers exercised by the twenty-two cashiers failed wholly to show that any one cashier had ever used his powers to the purchase of gold coin, or had ever certified checks to be 'good.' Nor was it shown that the cashier of the State Bank had, either before or since the transactions on which this suit arose, ever certified as good the check of either depositor or stranger.

In fact, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts had decided in Mussey v. Eagle Bank² that a teller could not so certify checks; placing the decision on grounds that seemed general. Such a power, said the court in that case, 'is in fact a power to pledge the credit of the bank to its customers; a power which, by the constitution of a bank, can alone be exercised by its president and directors, unless specially delegated by them, and consequently it cannot be implied as a resulting duty or authority in any individual officer.' Touching the matter of usage, the court said:

'But if a usage had been proved of the certifying by the teller that the check is good, to enable the holder to use it afterwards at his pleasure, such a usage would be bad and could not be upheld. It would give to bank checks, which are intended for immediate use and are the substitute for specie, in the ordinary transactions of business, the character of bills of exchange, payable to the bearer, the bank being the acceptor, and payable at an indefinite time. It would lead to loans to favored individuals, without the usual security. It would substitute checks for cash in the hands of tellers who receive them, and would confer the power upon a single officer to pledge the credit of the bank by the mere writing of his name; a power never contemplated by the legislature, nor intended to be conferred by the stockholders.'

On the other hand, Congress, by its Internal Revenue Act of June 30, 1864,³ under the head of 'Banks and Banking,' had laid 'a duty of one-twelfth of one per cent. each month upon the average amount of circulation issued by any bank, &c., including as circulation all certified checks, and all notes and other obligations, calculated or intended to circulate or to be used as money.'

In this state of pre-existent laws and usage, or absence of it, the plaintiffs' evidence showed that the Merchants' National Bank of Boston were applied to on the 22d of February, 1867, by Ward, Mellen & Co., brokers, with the statement that they were about to purchase in New York, 'for responsible parties,' three or four hundred thousand dollars of gold, and with the request that the Merchants' Bank would take and pay for the gold as it came from New York at $1.25 in currency (about 15 per cent. below the value at that time in currency); that these responsible parties would be prepared to take it in a few days, and that when thus taken away, it would go through probably some other bank, mentioning, perhaps, the State Bank.

There had been previous transactions in gold between the bank and Mellen, Ward & Co.; and the proposition now made was accepted upon the terms previously fixed in them, viz., that the gold should be a purchase by the bank, with a right of repurchase by Mellen, Ward & Co., on repayment of the cost and a premium 'equivalent to interest on the amount invested by the bank on the gold.'

Under this arrangement, the Merchants' Bank, on notice from Mellen, Ward & Co., on the 26th and 27th of February, took from the Second National Bank, and paid that bank for the same, $400,000 gold certificates, which, so far as appeared, had never been in the hands of or owned by Mellen, Ward & Co., and added the same to the gold of the bank. No obligation, note or memorandum accompanied the transaction as made; it being, as the direct testimony of the cashier and teller of the Merchants' Bank stated, and so far as the transaction appeared on its face, a sale of gold with a right to repurchase; although both the officers named, in written instruments, spoke of it as a loan.

On the 28th of February, Smith, the cashier of the State Bank, came to the Merchants' Bank, in company with Carter one of the firm of Mellen, Ward & Co., and said to the cashier there, 'We have come in to get an amount of gold,' and that he 'would pay for the gold by certifying the checks when he saw that the gold was all right.' The coin certificates to the amount of $400,000 were by the cashier of the Merchants' Bank, 'passed out to Mr. Smith, cashier of the State Bank.' He counted them, and then handed to the cashier of the Merchants' Bank the two checks of Mellen, Ward & Co., on the State Bank, certified 'Good, C. H. Smith, cashier.' These checks were certified, not at the State Bank, but in the Merchants' Bank, 'on the spot;' and after it was ascertained that the gold certificates received corresponded with the amount for which the checks had been drawn. They had no stamp on them but the usual two...