Mercury Foam Corp. v. L & N SALES & MARKETING

• Decision Date: 06 September 1985
• Docket Number: Civ.A. No. 85-1774.
• Parties: MERCURY FOAM CORP. v. L & N SALES & MARKETING, et al.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Pennsylvania

625 F. Supp. 87

MERCURY FOAM CORP. v. L & N SALES & MARKETING, et al.

Civ.A. No. 85-1774.

United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.

September 6, 1985.

Stanley H. Cohen, Philadelphia, Pa., Michael J. Sweedler, New York City, for plaintiff.

H. Robert Fiebach, Philadelphia, Pa., for all defendants.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

JAMES McGIRR KELLY, District Judge.

The plaintiff Mercury Foam Corporation (Mercury) is a manufacturer and marketer of hair curlers which are sold under the trademark of "Styling Stix". Styling Stix are rod shaped flexible foam hair curlers with a wire inserted so that the curler will hold its shape when used. Defendant L & N Sales and Marketing (L & N) (a partnership) is the exclusive distributor in the United States for Schumi Schaper brand hair curlers. Defendants Laurie Cohen (Cohen) and Neal Menaged (Menaged) are the partners of L & N. A Schumi Schaper hair curler is a flexible foam roller with a wire insert to hold the shape of the curler when it is bent or shaped. Schumi Schapers are manufactured in West Germany by defendant Herbert Weisener Kunststoffteile (Weisener). The Schumi Schaper was developed and designed by defendant Heinz Andreas Schumi, Ltd. (Schumi, Ltd.) a business organized under the laws of Great Britain and which is subject to the controlling interest of defendant Heinz Andreas Schumi (Schumi).

Plaintiff Mercury sought a preliminary injunction against defendants here from marketing the Schumi Schapers in a similar trade dress which allegedly creates a likelihood of confusion as to the origin of the Schumi Schapers. The plaintiff contends that because of its recent promotional campaign through various media emphasizing Styling Stix and its packaging, it would be unfair for the defendants here to market the Schumi Schapers in a confusingly similar package which would thus reap the benefits of Mercury's promotion.

Defendants L & N, Cohen and Menaged brought a counterclaim against plaintiff. This counterclaim was joined by defendants Weisener, defendant Schumi, Ltd., and defendant Schumi. Defendants contend in their counterclaim that plaintiff has palmed off on its product and has caused a likelihood of confusion in the market place by plaintiff's various references to a European origin of Styling Stix. Additionally, defendants assert that plaintiff misappropriated trade secrets which were learned while plaintiff was in a position of confidence with defendants. Indeed, plaintiff at one time sought to market Schumi Schapers for the defendants in the United States.

The parties by agreement requested that the cross motions for preliminary injunctive relief be dismissed and that the hearing "be for final relief, on the merits of the case." See my Order of May 14, 1985 in this matter.

Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 52, the following are the findings of facts and conclusions of law.

FINDINGS OF FACT

1. Schumi Schapers were manufactured and marketed by defendants Schumi Schapers, Ltd. and Weisener in the early 1980's, prior to 1984.

2. The London Sunday Times Magazine of January 15, 1984 cover story featured Schumi Schapers.

3. In early 1983, Bibury, Ltd., who was defendant Weisener's exclusive agent, introduced Schumi Schapers in the United States at a trade show.

4. In early 1985, Bibury, Ltd. appointed L & N to be the exclusive distributor of Schumi Schapers in the United States for the retail trade.

5. In the latter part of 1983 into early 1984, Schumi Schapers were sold in department stores throughout the United States.

6. The Schumi Schapers curler was the focus of a Wall Street Journal article on April 4, 1984.

7. Schumi Schaper curlers were originally marketed in a flexible clear "poly bag". This bag permitted the display of the Schumi Schaper curlers. There were ten Schumi Schaper curlers to a bag. The Schumi Schapers were individually colored red, blue or yellow and were arranged in an alternating pattern so that no two adjacent Schumi Schaper curlers were the same color. The curlers were sold in two different sizes, long curlers approximately 10½ inches in length and short curlers approximately 4½ inches in length. The two different lengths were sold separately. Each of the packages contained a black and white picture of models demonstrating the use of the Schumi Schapers curlers.

8. In the spring of 1984, plaintiff began experimenting with the idea of manufacturing and/or marketing flexible curlers similar to the Schumi Schapers curlers.

9. In May of 1984 plaintiff's agent, Mr. Buff, met with defendants Mr. Schumi and Mr. Weisener to discuss the possibility of plaintiff's agent serving as a distributor and/or manufacturer of the Schumi Schaper curlers under license.

10. In June 1984, another meeting was held between plaintiffs and defendants concerning marketing Schumi Schapers through the plaintiff.

11. Defendants did not establish at the hearing that any confidential or proprietary information was conveyed to plaintiff during the two meetings.

12. During the late spring through the summer of 1984, plaintiff decided to produce and market its own flexible curler. The curler construction was similar to the Schumi Schaper curler.

13. Plaintiff developed a package design which was not unique. The package design included a clear vacuum formed tray which would act as a travel case and holder for the curlers.

14. Plaintiff marketed its curler under the name Styling Stix. The Styling Stix are each a different pastel color. The Styling Stix are enclosed in the clear vacuum package against a black cardboard. The dark background provides sufficient contrast against the pastel colored Styling Stix thus emphasizing the Styling Stix. On the black cardboard which is not covered over by the Styling Stix, are three models which demonstrate the uses of the Styling Stix.

15. Clear vacuum form packaging is used by a wide array of consumer goods and by itself is not inherently distinctive.

16. The contrasting color array of the curlers of both parties, creates the strongest visual impression when viewing the packages.

17. Plaintiff, in various marketing literature and promotional materials, has represented its product as "now in America ... the revolutionary styling device that's causing waves and getting raves all over Europe." Styling Stix have not been marketed or sold in Europe. This type of promotion creates an inference, thus confusion, that plaintiff's product's origin is the same as defendant Schumi Schapers.

18. Certain promotional aids used by plaintiff contained pictures of Schumi Schapers in "poly bags" with the statement "European Import product". Without differentiating Schumi Schapers from Styling Stix, it created the inference and the likelihood of confusion that Styling Stix have the same origin as Schumi Schapers.

19. After the Styling Stix product was marketed, Schumi Schapers redesigned its package, disposing of the poly bag and adopting a clear vacuum form package. The new package had some features of Schumi Schapers' earlier package. Indeed, the new package had certain models who demonstrated the use of the product. The focal point of the new package, as was the old one, and certainly the Styling Stix package, is the contrasting colors of the curlers.

DISCUSSION

Plaintiff seeks an injunction against defendants, enjoining defendants from distributing or marketing Schumi Schapers in its present package design, and from marketing or importing any type of foam rod shaped curler which is confusingly similar to Styling Stix. Plaintiff seeks an injunction requiring the defendants to recall all of their curlers which have not been distributed to the final consumer. Plaintiff seeks an order prohibiting further advertising of Schumi Schapers. Last, plaintiff seeks damages and requests an accounting of defendants' profits which resulted from the alleged infringement. Plaintiff requests treble damages and attorney fees pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1117.

Conversely, defendants request an injunction against plaintiff enjoining defendants from: trading upon the good will of Schumi Schapers; offering for sale, selling or distributing soft flexible foam hair curlers in a multi-colored format in a size and shape identical or deceptively similar to the size and shape of the Schumi Schapers. Further, defendants seek to enjoin plaintiff from directly or indirectly representing or otherwise holding plaintiff out as related to or sponsored by or successor to any interest of Schumi, Ltd. or its affiliates; or in any manner palming off plaintiff's product as that of defendants. Specifically, defendants seek to prohibit plaintiff from making any reference to a European origin of Styling Stix and from using pictures of the Schumi Schapers in plaintiff's advertising when it is not clearly stated that the product shown is not the product of plaintiff. Defendants additionally seek the destruction o...