Meridian Development Co. v. Edison Tp.

• Decision Date: 06 June 1966
• Docket Number: No. L--9926,L--9926
• Parties: MERIDIAN DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, Plaintiff, v. EDISON TOWNSHIP, Defendant, and Council of Edison Civic Associations, Intervenor.
• Court: New Jersey Superior Court

Page 310

91 N.J.Super. 310

220 A.2d 121

MERIDIAN DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, Plaintiff, v. EDISON TOWNSHIP, Defendant, and Council of Edison Civic Associations, Intervenor.

No. L--9926.

Superior Court of New Jersey

Law Division.

June 6, 1966.

Robert S. Greenbaum, Newark, for plaintiff (Greenbaum, Greenbaum & Rowe, Newark, attorneys).

Ned Jaycox Doyle, Edison, for defendant (Christian J. Jorgensen, Edison, attorney).

Frederick C. Mezey, New Brunswick, for intervenor (Adler, Mezey & Pressler, New Brunswick, attorneys).

FURMAN, J.S.C.

The result of this prerogative writ action hinges on the issue whether the voters in a Faulkner Act municipality may amend a zoning ordinance by initiative and referendum.

Plaintiff Meridian Development Company applied for a special exception use permit for a garden apartment project of over 400 units on a 23.38-acre tract in the Residence BB zone of Edison Township. Upon recommendation of the planning board, the board of adjustment approved the special exception use on February 16, 1965. Within the 45-day period of limitations (R.R. 4:88--15), on April 2, 1965 various objectors, both individuals and associations, instituted a prerogative writ action challenging the board of adjustment resolution. That action, Docket No. L--19861--64, is still pending.

Edison Township adopted a Mayor-Council Plan E form of government under the Faulkner Act (N.J.S.A. 40:69A--68 et seq.) in 1956. The objectors to the Meridian garden apartment project and others (represented by intervenor Council of Edison Civic Associations) sought to take advantage of the initiative and referendum provisions of the Faulkner Act (N.J.S.A. 40:69A--184 et seq.). An initiative petition proposing a zoning ordinance amendment to eliminate garden apartments, hospitals and recreational facilities as special exception uses in Residence B and BB zones was circulated, signed by over 7400 voters, and filed with the municipal clerk on June 1, 1965. The municipal council failed to approve or reject the initiated ordinance within the next 60 days. In compliance with N.J.S.A. 40:69A--191, the municipal clerk submitted it to a referendum of the voters at the general election of November 2, 1965. The voters cast 8172 votes in favor and 5758 votes in opposition.

The pertinent statutory provisions of the Faulkner Act and the Zoning Act (R.S. 40:55--30 et seq., N.J.S.A.) are in conflict. The former vests the power in the voters to propose 'any ordinance' by initiative and to adopt or reject it at the polls. The initiative and referendum procedure is one of the cornerstones of the fundamental Faulkner Act purpose to encourage citizen interest and participation in municipal affairs. Second Report of the New Jersey Commission on Municipal Government, p. 12 (1950) (referring to 'these important tools of local self-government'); Public Hearings 98, 102 (1949) (statement by Mr. Bayard Faulkner); City of Newark v. Dept. of Civil Service, 68 N.J.Super. 416, 425, 172 A.2d 681 (App.Div.1961). The term 'any ordinance' in another statute has been construed to encompass a zoning ordinance. Village of Loch Arbour v. Ocean Tp., 55 N.J.Super. 250, 150 A.2d 507 (Law Div.1959), affirmed o.b. 31 N.J. 539, 158 A.2d 332 (1960).

The Zoning Act is as unequivocal in R.S. 40:55--35, N.J.S.A.:

'* * * no amendment or change (to a zoning ordinance) shall become effective unless the ordinance proposing such amendment or change shall first have been submitted to the planning board, when such board exists, for approval, disapproval or suggestions, and the planning board shall have a reasonable time, not less than thirty days, for consideration and report, and in the case of an unfavorable report by the planning board such amendment shall not become effective except by a favorable vote of two-thirds of the governing body.'

The referral of a zoning ordinance amendment to the planning board is mandatory. Wollen v. Borough of Fort Lee, 27 N.J. 408, 142 A.2d 881 (1958); Hasbrouck Heights Hosp. Ass'n v. Borough of Hasbrouck Heights, 15 N.J. 447, 105 A.2d 521 (1954); Hochberg v. Borough of Freehold, 40 N.J.Super. 276, 123 A.2d 46 (App.Div.1956); Mulligan v. City of New Brunswick, 83 N.J.Super. 185, 199 A.2d 82 (Law Div.1964). As stated by Professor Roger A. Cunningham in his article, 'Control of Land Uses in New Jersey', 15 Rutgers L.Rev. 1, 46 (1960), 'Participation of the planning board in the formulation of both the zoning and subdivision regulations is calculated to insure a considerable degree of conformity between them * * *.'

Faulkner Act municipalities are subject to general law not inconsistent with the Faulkner Act itself. N.J.S.A. 40:69A--26, 28. Indisputably, any zoning ordinance amendment must fulfill one or more of the statutory purposes of zoning in R.S. 40:55--32, N.J.S.A. and comply otherwise with the substantive provisions of the Zoning Act. Plaintiff Meridian contends that the title to the Faulkner Act would be constitutionally defective under Art. IV, Sec. VII, par. 4 of the 1947 State Constitution if the voters' power to amend the Edison Township zoning ordinance by initiative and referendum is upheld. That argument assumes falsely that such an alternative method of enactment would affect zoning substantively. Cf. McCrink v. Town of West Orange, 85 N.J.Super. 86, 204 A.2d 10 (App.Div.1964), holding that a Faulkner Act initiative and referendum purporting to freeze salaries for firemen for two years was invalid as a restraint on the municipal legislative power.

The court holds that the Legislature by a later enactment, the Faulkner Act, L.1950, c. 210, superseded the statutory procedure for the amendment of zoning ordinances in the Zoning Act, L.1948, c. 305. Between two conflicting statutes, the later governs according to general principles of statutory construction. Two Guys from Harrison, Inc. v. Furman, 32 N.J. 199, 223, 160 A.2d 265 (1960); Bruck v. Credit Corp., 3 N.J. 401, 408, 70 A.2d 496 (1950).

This decision is warranted on broader grounds. The 1947 State Constitution declares, in Art. I, par. 2, that: 'All political power is inherent in the people.' The members of a municipal council are the temporary repositories of the inherent power of the people. Borough of Leonia v. Borough of Fort Lee, 56 N.J.Super. 135, 144, 151 A.2d 540 (App.Div.1959); see Driscoll v. Burlington-Bristol Bridge Co., 8 N.J. 433, 476, 86 A.2d 201 (1952). According to the statutory scheme for zoning ordinance amendments, the planning board, an expert body, may be overruled by a two-thirds vote of the municipal council. The exercise of its expertise is valuable but reversible in the legislative process.

What two-thirds of a municipal governing body may accomplish, the Legislature may entrust to a majority of voters. In democratic elections a majority governs. No limitation on the power of the people, such as a two-thirds majority requirement, is recognized by Constitution or statute. Zoning is familiar to ordinary citizens, not beyond their competence with or without the benefit of a planning board report. New Jersey enacted its first Zoning Act in 1928 (L.1928, c. 274); Edison Township its first zoning ordinance in 1950. The election campaign, the debate and airing of opposing opinions, supplant a public hearing prior to the adoption of an ordinance by the municipal governing body (cf. N.J.S.A. 40:69A--190). An initiated ordinance must be published before and after its adoption by referendum (N.J.S.A. 40:69A--194, 196).

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